Metallogenic Age and Process of Rare Metal-Bearing Pegmatites from the Northern Margin of Mufushan Complex, South China
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摘要: 华南晚中生代幕阜山复式岩体是我国重要的稀有金属成矿区，人们在该岩体南缘已发现仁里‒传梓源等超大型稀有金属矿床，但对其北缘广泛发育的含稀有金属伟晶岩的成矿时代和成矿作用研究较为有限. 以幕阜山北缘4个主要的伟晶岩密集区：断峰山、北港镇、麦市镇和黄泥洞含稀有金属伟晶岩为研究对象，通过详细的野外地质调查、岩相学、矿物化学和铌钽铁矿U-Pb年代学研究工作，探讨了幕阜山北缘稀有金属(Li-Be-Nb-Ta)的成矿时代、赋存状态和成矿过程. 年代学研究表明幕阜山北缘含稀有金属伟晶岩成矿于136~138 Ma，略滞后于幕阜山花岗岩类的侵位年龄，从而与其构成连续的花岗岩类侵位序列，代表了高演化末期的岩浆产物. 岩相学及矿物化学研究表明，Li主要赋存于锂云母、透锂长石和锂电气石中，Be赋存于绿柱石中，Nb主要赋存于铌铁矿和铌锰矿中，Ta赋存于细晶石和铌锰矿中. 矿物化学特征记录了熔体的演化过程，分离结晶作用是控制稀有金属不断富集的主要因素. 幕阜山南、北缘在锂赋存矿物方面存在差异，成矿温压条件的不同可能是造成锂成矿差异的原因. 华南幕阜山大规模含稀有金属伟晶岩成矿作用表明幕阜山地区在早白垩世处于伸展背景.Abstract: The Late Mesozoic Mufushan complex in South China is one of the most important rare metal mineralization areas in China, and giant rare metal deposits such as Renli-Chuanziyuan have been ascertained in its southern margin. In contrast, the metallogenic age and metallogenesis of rare metal-bearing pegmatites widely exposed in the northern are far from being understood. In this work, four major pegmatite concentrated areas in the northern margin of Mufushan including Duanfengshan, Beigang, Maishi and Huangnidong are studied. Based on detailed field investigation, petrography, mineral chemistry and columbite U-Pb dating, we discuss the metallogenic age, identify the occurrence of rare-metal (Li-Be-Nb-Ta), and decipher the mechanism of rare-metal (Li-Be-Nb-Ta) mineralization. Columbite U-Pb dating results show that the rare-metal mineralization of the northern Mufushan pegmatites occurred at 136-138 Ma, slightly postdating the Mufushan granitoids and together constituting a sequential granite emplacement, which represents products of extreme magmatic fractionation. Petrographic observations and mineral chemistry suggest that the major host minerals for Li are lepidolite, petalite and elbaite, for Be are beryl, for Nb are columbite and manganocolumbite, and for Ta are microlite and manganocolumbite. Chemical compositions of rare metal minerals record the evolution process of melt, indicating that fractional crystallization played a predominant role in controlling the successive enrichment of rare-metals. There are some differences in the Li-bearing minerals between the southern and northern margins of Mufushan, which may be due to the different P-T conditions. The large-scale rare metal mineralization of pegmatites indicates that the Mufushan area was in an extensional setting in the Early Cretaceous.
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Key words:
- metallogenic age /
- metallogenesis /
- mineral chemistry /
- rare metal-bearing pegmatites /
- Mufushan /
- petrology /
- mineralogy
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图 1 幕阜山复式岩体地质图及伟晶岩脉分布
据Wang et al. (2014)和李乐广等(2019)
Fig. 1. Geological map of Mufushan complex and the distribution of pegmatites
图 2 幕阜山北缘伟晶岩脉分布
图a，b. 断峰山伟晶岩密集区；c~e. 北港镇伟晶岩密集区；f. 麦市镇伟晶岩密集区；g. 黄泥洞伟晶岩密集区；图中绿色虚线框为主要矿化点和采样位置(修改自地质部701地质队, 1965, 1∶5万幕阜山花岗岩区稀有金属矿产普查报告)
Fig. 2. Distribution map of pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
图 3 幕阜山北缘含稀有金属伟晶岩野外照片
图a~f为断峰山伟晶岩密集区：a. 伟晶岩脉侵入冷家溪群变质围岩；b. 绿柱石与白云母和钠长石共生；c. 绿柱石巨晶；d. 铌铁矿族矿物巨晶；e. 锂云母和透锂长石共生；f. 石英核中生长锂电气石；图g~i为北港镇伟晶岩密集区：g. 伟晶岩脉侵位于黑云母花岗岩中；h. 绿柱石与钾长石和石英共生；i. 绿柱石与白云母和钠长石共生；图j~l为麦市镇伟晶岩密集区：j. 富锂晶洞伟晶岩；k. 绿柱石；l. 锂电气石‒锂云母‒透锂长石共生；图m~o为黄泥洞伟晶岩密集区：m. 黄泥洞采矿坑洞；n. 锂云母‒透锂长石共生；o. 石英核中生长锂电气石
Fig. 3. Field photographs of rare metal-bearing pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
图 4 幕阜山北缘含稀有金属伟晶岩脉中代表性含矿矿物显微镜下照片
a. 绿柱石‒单偏光‒断峰山Be矿化伟晶岩；b. 细晶石‒单偏光‒黄泥洞Li-Nb-Ta矿化伟晶岩；c. 铌钽铁矿族矿物‒单偏光‒麦市镇里和洞Li-Nb-Ta矿化伟晶岩；d. 透锂长石，已蚀变‒正交‒黄泥洞Li-Nb-Ta矿化伟晶岩；e. 锂云母‒正交‒断峰山Li-Nb-Ta矿化伟晶岩；f. 锂电气石‒正交‒黄泥洞Li-Nb-Ta矿化伟晶岩. Brl. 绿柱石；Mic. 细晶石；CGM. 铌铁矿族矿物；Ptl. 透锂长石；Elb. 锂电气石；Lpd. 锂云母
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs for ore-bearing minerals of rare metal-bearing pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
图 5 幕阜山北缘含稀有金属伟晶岩铌钽铁矿U-Pb年代学分析结果
a~b. 断峰山伟晶岩密集带中姜家垄(20MFS30-5)铌铁矿年龄协和图与加权平均年龄；c~d. 断峰山伟晶岩密集带中七家山(17QJS07-1A)铌铁矿年龄协和图与加权平均年龄
Fig. 5. U-Pb dating results for columbites of rare metal-bearing pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
图 6 幕阜山北缘含稀有金属伟晶岩绿柱石主微量成分特征
a. MgO-FeO图解；b. Cs2O-Na2O图解；c. Be-Li图解；d. Cs-Rb图解
Fig. 6. Component characteristics of major and trace elements for beryl of rare metal-bearing pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
图 7 幕阜山北缘含稀有金属伟晶岩铌锰矿‒细晶石背散射(BSE)电子图像
a~c. 环带铌锰矿BSE照片；d. 无环带铌锰矿BSE照片；e~f. 细晶石BSE照片
Fig. 7. BSE image for manganocolumbite and microlite of rare metal-bearing pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
图 8 幕阜山北缘含稀有金属伟晶岩铌钽氧化物主量成分特征
a. 铌钽氧化物Nb2O5与Ta2O5协变图解；b. 铌钽铁矿族矿物分类命名图解，底图据Selway et al.(2005)，Mn#=Mn/(Mn+Fe)，Ta#=Ta/(Ta+Fe)；幕阜山南缘仁里铌铁矿数据参考自Li et al.(2020)
Fig. 8. Component characteristics of major elements for Nb-Ta oxide of rare metal-bearing pegmatites in the northern part ofMufushan complex
图 9 幕阜山北缘含稀有金属伟晶岩锂电气石主微量成分特征
a~b. 电气石分类命名图解，底图据Henry et al.(2011)；c. Zn-Li图解；d. Sn-Pb图解. 断峰山地区铁电气石和仁里地区锂电气石数据参考自李乐广等(2019)
Fig. 9. Component characteristics of major and trace elements for elbaite of rare metal-bearing pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
图 10 幕阜山北缘含稀有金属伟晶岩锂云母主微量成分特征
a~b. 云母化学成分演化图解，底图据Tischendorf et al. (1997)；c. Zn-Li图解；d. Cs-Rb图解. 云母数据参考自李乐广等(2019)、王臻等(2019)、杨晗等(2019)
Fig. 10. Component characteristics of major and trace elements for lepidolite of rare metal-bearing pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
图 11 幕阜山花岗岩类及伟晶岩年龄分布直方图
Fig. 11. Histogram of age distribution of granitoids and pegmatites in Mufushan complex
图 12 幕阜山北缘伟晶岩电气石演化图解
a. [YAl/(YAl+Fe)-Na/(Na+X-空位)]图解，底图据Selway et al.(2005)；b. YAl/(YAl+Fe)-YLi图解；c. B/Li-Li图解
Fig. 12. Evolution diagrams for tourmaline of pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
图 13 幕阜山北缘伟晶岩云母演化图解
a. K/Rb-Li图解；b. K/Rb-Rb图解；c. K/Rb-Cs图解；d. K/Rb-Ta图解；e. K/Rb-Sn图解；f. K/Rb-Zn图解；g. K/Rb-Nb图解；h. K/Rb-Ga图解
Fig. 13. Evolution diagram for mica of pegmatites in the northern part of Mufushan complex
表 1 幕阜山复式岩体各岩性单元年龄数据结果
Table 1. Age data of each lithologic unit of Mufushan complex
岩性 年龄(Ma) 分析方法 分析矿物 参考文献 北缘 白云母‒微斜长石‒钠长石伟晶岩 136.0±2.0 U-Pb 铌钽铁矿 本文 白云母‒钠长石型伟晶岩 138.4±1.6 U-Pb 铌钽铁矿 本文 南缘 白云母钠长石伟晶岩 127.7±0.9 40Ar/39Ar 白云母 李鹏等，2017 白云母钠长石伟晶岩 130.5±0.9 40Ar/39Ar 白云母 李鹏等，2017 锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩 125.0±1.4 40Ar/39Ar 锂云母 李鹏等，2019 锂辉石伟晶岩 130.75±0.84 40Ar/39Ar 白云母 刘翔等，2019 伟晶岩 130.5±1.1 Re-Os 辉钼矿 周芳春等，2020 微斜长石‒钠长伟晶岩 131.2±2.4 U-Pb 锆石 Li et al., 2020 微斜长石‒钠长伟晶岩 133.3±2.6 U-Pb 铌钽铁矿 Li et al., 2020 含铌钽铁矿伟晶岩 140.2±2.3 U-Pb 铌钽铁矿 Xiong et al., 2020 东部 绿柱石伟晶岩 124.90±0.34 U-Pb 锆石 姜鹏飞等，2021 白云母二长花岗岩 142.6±2.6 U-Pb 锆石 李安邦等，2021 电气石白云母二长花岗岩 130.4±3.7 U-Pb 锆石 李安邦等，2021 石榴子石白云母二长花岗岩 134.8±3.1 U-Pb 锆石 李安邦等，2021 二云母二长花岗岩 139.30±0.16 U-Pb 锆石 刘翔等，2019 二云母二长花岗岩 132.7±1.6 U-Pb 锆石 李安邦等，2021 二云母二长花岗岩 145.8±0.9 U-Pb 锆石 Wang et al., 2014 二云母二长花岗岩 131.8±1.5 U-Pb 锆石 Ji et al., 2017 二云母二长花岗岩 127.0±1.6 U-Pb 锆石 Ji et al., 2017 二云母二长花岗岩 143.5±1.8 U-Pb 锆石 Ji et al., 2017 二云母二长花岗岩 138.3±0.3 U-Pb 锆石 Li et al., 2020 二云母二长花岗岩 140.7±2.2 Th-Pb 独居石 Xiong et al., 2020 二云母二长花岗岩 141.0±2.4 LA-ICP-MS 锆石 Xiong et al., 2020 黑云母二长花岗岩 142.9±0.9 U-Pb 锆石 许畅等，2019 黑云母二长花岗岩 146.2±0.2 U-Pb 锆石 李鹏等，2020 黑云母二长花岗岩 151.0±2.7 U-Pb 锆石 李安邦等，2021 黑云母二长花岗岩 148.3±1.4 U-Pb 锆石 Wang et al., 2014 黑云母二长花岗岩 151.2±1.1 U-Pb 锆石 Ji et al., 2017 黑云母二长花岗岩 151.4±1.1 U-Pb 锆石 Ji et al., 2017 黑云母二长花岗岩 147.8±3.4 Th-Pb 独居石 Ji et al., 2018 黑云母二长花岗岩 140.7±0.7 U-Pb 锆石 Li et al., 2020 黑云母二长花岗岩 140.3±0.7 U-Pb 锆石 Li et al., 2020 黑云母二长花岗岩 154.0±2.5 U-Pb 锆石 Xiong et al., 2020 花岗闪长岩 151.5±1.3 U-Pb 锆石 Wang et al., 2014 花岗闪长岩 149.0±1.0 U-Pb 锆石 Ji et al., 2017 闪长岩 154.0±1.9 U-Pb 锆石 Wang et al., 2014 
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