Effect of Surface Water-Groundwater Interaction on Arsenic Transport in Shallow Groundwater of Jianghan Plain
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摘要: 地表水‒地下水（SW-GW）相互作用对砷在浅层地下水系统中的运移至关重要，但其模式和强度对地下水中砷运移的影响尚不清楚.本文针对江汉平原仙桃市沙湖原种场野外地下水三维监测试验场，开展野外监测和三维地下水数值模拟.结果发现雨季地表水补给地下水，SW-GW相互作用强度较大，地下水砷浓度升高；旱季地下水补给地表水，SW-GW相互作用强度减弱，地下水砷浓度降低.SW-GW相互作用模式与强度的季节转变导致地下水流速和流向产生季节响应.模型估算出雨季和旱季地面以下10~25 m最大垂向砷交换量分别为457.2 mg/d、191.3 mg/d，地面以下28 m处水平砷交换量分别为4 380.0 mg/d、1 385.6 mg/d.Abstract: Surface water-groundwater (SW-GW) interaction is critical for arsenic transport in shallow groundwater systems, but the role of its pattern and intensity on arsenic transport remains unclear. Field monitoring and numerical simulation were employed to identify the impact of surface water-groundwater interaction mode and intensity on arsenic transport in shallow groundwater of Shahu field site, Jianghan Plain. The results indicate that the surface water recharged into groundwater and had a relatively stronger intensity in the rainy season, which led to the higher arsenic concentration, and vice versa. The seasonal shift of surface water-groundwater interaction mode and intensity could cause the seasonal response of groundwater flow velocity and direction. It is estimated by the numerical simulation that the maximum vertical exchange mass of arsenic is 457.2 mg/d in rainy season and 191.3 mg/d in dry season and the maximum horizontal exchange mass of arsenic is 4 380.0 and 1 385.6 mg/d in rainy and dry season, respectively.
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Key words:
- surface water /
- groundwater /
- arsenic /
- groundwater flow model /
- Jianghan Plain /
- environmental engineering
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图 1 沙湖试验场监测井示意（据Duan et al.，2015修改）
图b中A表示浅层（即10 m）；B表示中层（即25 m）
Fig. 1. Map of monitoring wells of Shahu field site (modified from Duan et al., 2015)
图 3 地表水（a）与地下水（b）水位时间序列
图a为河流水位，参考Schaefer et al.（2016）
Fig. 3. Time series of surface water (a) and groundwater levels (b)
图 4 平均地表水水位与地下水水位之差（a）；平均水力梯度（b），黑色为通顺河与监测井SY05、SY06、SY11在25m深度处的垂直水力梯度变化；红色为监测井SY03、SY06、SY09、SY11在10~25 m的垂直水力梯度变化
正值表示地表水补给地下水，负值表示地下水补给地表水
Fig. 4. Difference between surface water and groundwater level (a); the vertical hydraulic gradient between the Tongshun River and three adjacent monitoring wells SY05, SY06, SY11 (red circle) and between 10 m and 25 m of wells SY03, SY06, SY09, SY11(black rectangle) (b)
图 5 沙湖试验场地表水、地下水和大气降水在雨季（a）和旱季（b）的稳定氢氧同位素分布
Fig. 5. Stable hydrogen-oxygen isotope signatures of surface water, groundwater and precipitation in rainy season (a) dry season (b)
图 6 地下水排泄量占河水流量百分比（f）的垂向分布
Fig. 6. Vertical distribution of groundwater discharge as a percentage of river flow (f)
图 7 模型校正结果
a. SY03；b. SY06；c. SY09；d. SY11；测点后面的字母：A表示浅层（即10m）；B表示中层（即25m）
Fig. 7. Calibration results of groundwater flow model
图 8 Z=18.5 m和Z=‒13.5 m深度处水平地下水流速特征（（a）（c）为旱季，（b）（d）为雨季）以及X=1 255 m处含水层垂直流速分布特征（（e）为旱季，（f）为雨季）
Fig. 8. Distribution of horizontal groundwater velocity at the depth of 18.5 and ‒13.5 m below the ground surface, respectively ((a) (c) and (b) (d) stand for the dry and rainy season, respectively) and vertical groundwater velocity at X=1 255 m ((e) and (f) stand for the dry and rainy season, respectively)
图 9 地下水流净交换量
a.各层之间的垂直水流净交换量，正值表示垂直向下，负值表示垂直向上；b. X=2 km处，A-A’剖面水平流交换量，正值表示方向指向通顺河，负值表示方向指向东荆河
Fig. 9. Net exchange of groundwater flow
图 10 雨季（a）和旱季（b）时的地下水砷运移机理概化图
Fig. 10. Conceptual map of arsenic transport in aquifers during the rainy (a) and dry season (b)
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