The Rules of Reservoir Characteristics and Dissolution of Paleogene Clastic Rocks in Offshore China
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摘要: 随着中国近海浅层（新近系为主）勘探程度日益增加，中深层（古近系为主）特别是始新统和渐新统是未来油气勘探的重要领域之一. 然而，针对中国近海中深层碎屑岩储层特征及溶蚀作用规律尚缺乏系统研究. 基于大量新钻井、物性数据及多种分析测试等，以辽中凹陷、西湖凹陷和白云凹陷为靶区，系统阐明了中国近海古近纪碎屑岩储层岩石学特征、物性及孔隙类型，分析并总结了其溶蚀作用规律. 研究表明：中国近海古近纪砂岩储层岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩或岩屑长石砂岩为主，同一凹陷不同构造的岩性差异明显，不同层位石英、岩屑含量略有变化；储层物性主体为中低孔-低渗，中-高孔渗储层主要发育在辽中凹陷沙一-二段和白云凹陷珠海组上段；孔隙类型均以次生孔隙为主，原生孔隙仅在西湖凹陷平湖斜坡北侧、辽中凹陷沙四段和白云凹陷珠海组上段较为发育. 溶蚀作用整体以酸性流体对长石、连生方解石和部分岩屑的溶蚀为主. 辽中凹陷不同构造溶蚀作用差异明显，受浅埋深火山岩母岩与中深层刚性母岩控制的砂岩储层溶蚀作用显著，而西湖凹陷西斜坡平湖组一段-平湖组三段则为早期连生方解石溶蚀，白云凹陷溶蚀作用主要为长石的高岭石化和高岭石的伊利石化. 研究旨在为中国近海古近纪碎屑岩储层勘探开发提供借鉴.Abstract: With the increasing exploration degree of shallow formations (mainly Meogene) in offshore China, middle⁃deep buried formations (mainly Paleogene), especially the Eocene and Oligocene, is one of the important exploration targets in the future. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the characteristics and dissolution of the middle⁃deep clastic reservoirs in offshore China. In this paper, Liaozhong sag, Xihu sag and Baiyun sag were taken as target areas. Based on a large number of new drilling, physical property data and various tests, the petrological characteristics, physical property and pore types of paleogene clastic reservoirs in offshore China were systematically elucidated, and their dissolution regularities were analyzed and summarized. The results show that the Paleogene sandstone reservoirs in offshore China were mainly composed of feldspar⁃lithic sandstone or lithic⁃feldspar sandstone. Different structures and lithology varied significantly in the same sag, and the content of quartz and lithic varied slightly in different layers. The reservoir was mainly medium⁃low porosity and low permeability, and medium⁃high porosity and permeability reservoirs are mainly developed in the first and second member of Shahejie Formation and the upper member of Zhuhai Formation of Baiyun Sag. The primary pores only developed in the north of Pinghu slope in Xihu Sag, the fourth member of Shahejie Formation in Liaozhong Sag and the upper member of Zhuhai Formation in Baiyun Sag. The dissolution of feldspar, calcite and part of fragments was mainly by acidic fluid. The dissolution in Liaozhong Sag varied markedly between different formations, with significant dissolution in sandstone reservoirs controlled by shallow⁃buried deep volcanic host rocks and medium⁃deep rigid host rocks, while the West Slope of the Xihu Sag showed early succession calcite dissolution in a section of the Pinghu Formation and three sections of the Pinghu Formation, and the Baiyun Sag dissolution was mainly kaolinization of feldspar and illite lithification of kaolinite.This study aims to provide reference for exploration and development of paleogene clastic reservoirs in offshore China.
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图 1 中国近海盆地分布、研究区位置及其构造区划
Fig. 1. Distribution of China Offshore Basins, location and structural district of Liaozhong Sag, Xihu Sag and Baiyun Sag
图 2 辽中凹陷沙河街组砂岩储层岩石类型三角图
Ⅰ.石英砂岩；Ⅱ.长石质石英砂岩；Ⅲ.岩屑质石英砂岩；Ⅳ.长石砂岩；Ⅴ.岩屑（质）长石砂岩；Ⅵ.长石（质）岩屑砂岩；Ⅶ.岩屑砂岩；井点位置见图 1]]>
辽中凹陷钻遇沙四段的井较少，主要在凹陷西南侧（A1）以及东侧（A5）. A1井在3 600 m以下沙四段发现了较好的油气显示且测试成功，薄片鉴定发现该构造沙四段储层以长石岩屑砂岩为主，岩屑长石砂岩次之（图 2a）. 孔隙度位于10%~30%区间，渗透率0.1~90 mD，属于中高孔、特低渗-中渗储层. 原生粒间孔较为发育，占总面孔率的68.4%，次生孔隙为粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔，偶见铸模孔. 辽中凹陷钻遇沙三段的井相对较多，不同部位岩性及储层发育呈现出强非均质性（图 2b）. 北侧A3井主要以岩屑长石砂岩为主，岩屑类型主要为花岗岩、石英岩等刚性颗粒，实测孔隙度为15.2%~19.9%，渗透率从低于1 mD到14 mD，为中低孔低渗储层，储集空间多为粒间孔以及粒间溶蚀扩大孔. 东北侧A4井主要为长石岩屑砂岩，东侧A2/5井则以岩屑长石砂岩为主，长石岩屑砂岩次之，碎屑组分主要为石英、长石及变质砂岩岩屑，孔隙度在8.5%~18.6%，均值14.9%，渗透率0.4~74.2 mD，均值为44.3 mD，为中低孔、中低渗储层，储集空间多为粒内与粒间微裂缝及相关溶蚀扩大空间. 西侧A11/6井位于辽西凸起及周缘，埋藏深度浅，多低于1 800 m，孔隙度1%~35%，渗透率0.03~2 256 mD，发育中高孔中高渗储层. 储集空间多为粒间孔与粒内溶孔. 辽中凹陷沙河街组沙一二段钻井丰富，分布广泛，岩石类型差异显著（图 2c）. 北侧A3/7井与沙三段岩石类型类似，但其粒度较粗，孔隙度13%~20%，渗透率1~68 mD，物性优于沙三段储层；东北侧砂岩成熟度相对较高，A8井近凹陷内部，埋深超过3 500 m，储层主要以岩屑长石砂岩为主，平均孔隙度10%左右，渗透率变化大，从小于1 mD到26.6 mD，均值3.6 mD，为低孔低渗储层；东侧A2/5井垂向岩性变化大，以长石砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主，局部发育少量火山岩岩屑砂岩. 西北侧A10井位于辽西凸起北侧，近中生界火山岩物源，以岩屑砂岩为主；西侧A11/6井构造以岩屑长石砂岩与长石岩屑砂岩为主，储层位于辽西凸起周缘，埋深浅，储层物性好，多为中高孔中高渗储层. 结合沉积体系分析，辽中凹陷沙河街组储层非均质性强，储集空间多样，凹陷东侧以胶辽隆起为物源，辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体成熟度较高，粒间孔与砾内溶孔发育，储层物性相对较好. 凹陷西侧以盆内辽西凸起为物源，扇三角洲沉积体，埋深相对较浅，残留粒间孔与溶蚀孔发育，整体物性较好.
西湖凹陷 西湖凹陷平湖组整体为障壁海岸体系，发育受潮汐影响的三角洲-滨浅海沉积环境，有利相带为水下分流河道和潮道微相. 受潮汐影响的三角洲主要发育在西部斜坡带，斜坡北部以三角洲为主、斜坡中部以三角洲-潮坪为主、斜坡南部以潮坪为主. 依据沉积环境和层序，可进一步划分为平五、四、三、二、一段. 垂向上，自下而上，岩石类型相似、粒度逐渐变细，平均孔隙度12%~17%左右，平均渗透率30~85 mD之间. 其中，平五-四段主要岩石类型为中粗粒长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩，平五段孔隙度2.6%~25.59%，平均为15.08%，渗透率10.02~419.15 mD，均值29.97 mD；平四段孔隙度8.1%~23.25%，平均为17.1%，渗透率0.07~343.30 mD，均值45.18 mD；平三-一段主要岩石类型为细、极细粒长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩，平三段孔隙度1.3%~22.72%，平均为14.35%，渗透率在0.01~975.92 mD之间，均值84 mD；平一、二段孔隙度1%~24.01%，平均为12.12%，渗透率在0.000 1~842.120 mD之间，均值53.1 mD. 平面上，由北往南，岩石类型由石英砂岩为主逐渐过渡到南部的岩屑长石砂岩为主（图 3），孔隙类型由原生孔隙为主过渡到以次生孔隙为主. 斜坡北部以石英砂岩的原生孔隙为主，在平湖组各段占比72%~90%；中部和南部以长石岩屑砂岩/岩屑长石砂岩的次生孔隙为主，溶蚀孔占比70%~95%. 孔隙发育类型差异与岩石类型密切相关：北部以石英比较发育为特征，长石含量相对较低，后期溶蚀溶解相对较弱；中南部以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主，为溶蚀溶解的发生提供物质基础. 西湖凹陷平湖组由于南北地层温度差异，从孔雀亭东到平南区，次生溶蚀带深度呈现北低南高的特征（图 4）；而主要胶结物连生方解石是淡水海水混合效应，故与古环境相关度高，而与具体层段和区域位置关系不大. 西湖凹陷西斜坡平湖组砂岩储层岩石类型三角图 Triangle diagram of sandstone types in Pinghu Formation of western slope belt, Xihu Sag Ⅰ.石英砂岩；Ⅱ.长石质石英砂岩；Ⅲ.岩屑质石英砂岩；Ⅳ.长石砂岩；Ⅴ.岩屑（质）长石砂岩；Ⅵ.长石（质）岩屑砂岩；Ⅶ.岩屑砂岩 Fig. 2. Triangle diagram of sandstone types in Shahejie Formation of Liaozhong Sag
图 4 西湖凹陷西斜坡不同构造区平湖组次生溶蚀带发育特征
Fig. 4. Characteristics of secondary dissolution zone of Pinghu Formation in different areas of western slope belt, Xihu Sag
图 5 白云凹陷恩平组和珠海组砂岩储层岩石类型三角图
Fig. 5. Triangle diagram of sandstone types in Enping formation and Zhuhai Formation in Baiyun Sag
图 6 辽中凹陷溶蚀作用典型微观特征（井点位置见图 1）
a. 长石颗粒溶解形成铸模孔（MP），A1井，3 674.51 m，沙四段，铸体薄片，蓝色铸体，Q为石英，R为岩屑颗粒；b. 粒间碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀（红色箭头），产生溶蚀粒间孔，A1井，3 680.68 m，沙四段，铸体薄片，蓝色铸体；c. 长石沿节理溶蚀（红色箭头），A1井，3 628.9 m，沙四段，扫描电镜照片；d. 长石岩屑颗粒溶蚀强烈，溶蚀产物高岭石（K）充填粒间，P为孔隙，A3井，3 141.7 m，沙三段；e. 火山岩砾内及砾间火山基质溶蚀，A5井，1 488 m，沙一二段，铸体薄片，蓝色铸体；f. 裂缝溶蚀扩大，呈港湾状、凹凸状，A12井，2 524 m，沙一二段，铸体薄片，蓝色铸体；g. 花岗岩砾石（R）砾内不稳定矿物溶蚀，A10井，2 340.40 m，沙一二段，铸体薄片，蓝色铸体；h. 坡积物，颗粒呈棱角状，不稳定矿物强烈溶蚀，A6井，1 829 m，沙一二段，铸体薄片，蓝色铸体，M为黑云母；i. 坡积物不稳定矿物强烈溶蚀，A6井，1 829 m，沙一二段，背散射照片
Fig. 6. Typical microscopic characteristics of dissolution in Liaozhong Sag(See Fig. 1 for the location of wells)
图 7 西湖凹陷溶蚀作用典型微观特征（井点位置见图 1）
a.连晶方解石溶蚀孔隙，B1井，4 183.5 m，平三段，铸体薄片，蓝色铸体；b. 粒间长石溶蚀孔隙，B1井，4 183.7 m，平三段，铸体薄片，蓝色铸体；c. 连晶方解石溶蚀残余，B1井，4 183.5 m，平三段，阴极发光，亮红色；d. 连晶方解石溶蚀残余，阴极发光，亮红色，白云石胶结，阴极发光，暗红色，B1井，4 183.7 m；e. 连晶方解石溶蚀孔隙，B1井，4 183.5 m，平三段，扫描电镜；f. 长石溶蚀残余孔隙，B2井，3 445.97 m，平三段，扫描电镜；g.长石溶蚀残余孔隙，B3井，4 203 m，平五段，蓝色铸体；h. 长石溶蚀残余孔隙，B3井，4 046 m，平四段，蓝色铸体；i. 长石溶蚀残余孔隙，B3井，4 041.5 m，平四段，蓝色铸体；Q.石英；C.方解石：F.长石；D.白云石
Fig. 7. Typical microscopic characteristics of dissolution in Xihu Sag(See Fig. 1 for the location of wells)
图 8 白云凹陷不同地温梯度区高岭石、伊利石含量随埋深和温度变化规律
Fig. 8. Variation of kaolinite content and illite content with buried depth and temperature in different geothermal gradient areas of Baiyun Sag
Gra < 4.5 ℃/100 m; b. Gra > 4.5 ℃/100 m
表 1 中国近海辽中凹陷、西湖凹陷与白云凹陷区域地质特点与古近系砂岩储层溶蚀作用对比
Table 1. Comparison of regional geological characteristics and Paleogene sandstone reservoir dissolution of Liaozhong sag, Xihu Sag and Baiyun Sag in Offshore China
凹陷名称 区域特点 母岩组成 溶蚀孔隙带 平面分布 主控因素 辽中凹陷 南北狭长物源复杂 前寒武变质岩，古生界碳酸盐岩与中生界火山岩 沙一二段最为显著 辽西凸起周缘，薄层溶蚀带，横向连续性强 物源类型与埋深，火山岩物源浅埋下岩屑溶蚀；前寒武变质岩物源深埋下，长石溶蚀 西湖凹陷 海陆过渡潮汐影响 以远古代变质岩、中生代侵入岩为主，局部发育晚白垩纪沉积岩 平一-平三段最发育 斜坡带的中上部 水动力条件强的粗相带更容易溶蚀，（水下）分流河道和潮道是主要溶蚀发育区 白云凹陷 高变地温差异 前寒武纪与古生代变质岩，中生代侵入岩 珠海组下段、恩平组上段中粗粒相带最为发育 白云北坡、西南断阶带、及流花29凸起带周缘 以长石、岩屑溶蚀为主，长石高岭石化与高岭石的伊利石化石是溶蚀作用的主要类型，溶蚀带发育可能受有机酸、超压及断层演化与分布控制 
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