Mesozoic⁃Cenozoic Coupling Process of Tianshan Denudation and Sedimentation in the Northern Margin of the Tarim Basin: Evidence from Low⁃Temperature Thermochronology (Kuqa River Section, Xinjiang)
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摘要: 天山造山带中新生代快速剥露对于了解天山构造演化过程意义重大.然而，人们对于中新生代精确的冷却时间还一直存在争议.本文报道了塔里木盆地北缘库车河剖面中生界砂岩中碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹数据和早二叠世流纹岩热史演化模拟结果. 热年代学年龄趋势显示碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹的主要年龄组分为143.0~148.9 Ma和35.7~38.1 Ma，其中较年轻的组分已经完全重置，揭示了库车坳陷的剥露信息. 热史模拟结果显示了160~140 Ma的快速冷却事件. 结合库车河剖面前人的碎屑锆石U-Pb和重矿物数据，笔者认为欧亚南缘拉萨地体的拼贴是通过刚性的塔里木将挤压应力传递至天山，导致其在晚侏罗世‒早白垩世强烈隆升剥蚀，大量碎屑被搬运沉积在塔里木盆地北缘，造成库车坳陷中广泛发育的早白垩世亚格列木组砾岩及其与晚侏罗世地层之间的角度不整合. 在欧亚板块南缘多块体持续拼贴的远程效应下，天山经历始新世快速隆升变形，变形持续向南扩展，导致库车坳陷在晚始新世遭受变形和抬升.Abstract: The rapid Mesozoic-Cenozoic exhumation of the Tianshan mountain range is of great significance for understanding its tectonic evolution process. However, the main exhumation time of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic remains controversial. In this study, we report new detrital apatite fission track data from the Mesozoic sedimentary succession on the northern margin of the Tarim basin (Kuqa river section) and the Early Permian rhyolite inverse thermal history modelling results. Thermochronologic age trends along the analyzed succession reveal two major age populations in 143.0-148.9 Ma and 35.7-38.1 Ma, of which the younger population has been completely reset, indicative of the exhumation information of the Kuqa depression. Inverse thermal history modelling results show a rapid cooling event occurred at 160-140 Ma. We infer that the compressive stress generated from collision between Lhasa and the southern margin of Eurasia transmitted to the Tianshan mountain range through the rigid Tarim, which caused that the Tianshan mountain range underwent strong uplift and denudation in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, generating widely distributed conglomerate in the Early Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation and angular unconformity developed in the Late Jurassic- Early Cretaceous strata. During the Eocene, the Tianshan was subjected to rapid uplift and intensified deformation in response to the continuous collision of several plates on the southern margin of Eurasia. And the compressive stress propagated southward, which caused that the Kuqa depression underwent uplift in the Late Eocene.
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Key words:
- Tianshan /
- Kuqa depression /
- apatite fission track /
- uplift and exhumation /
- basin-mountain coupling /
- geochronology
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图 1 天山区域地质简图及库车坳陷位置
图修改自Xiang et al.（2018）. NTF. 北天山断裂；NF. 那拉提断裂；STF. 南天山断裂；QF. 秦布拉克断裂；TMF. 天山主断裂. 天山基岩裂变径迹年龄参考自Dumitru et al.（2001）、He et al.（2021）、Lü et al.（2013）、Jolivet et al.（2010）、Wang et al.（2009）、Wang et al.（2018）、Zhang et al.（2016）
Fig. 1. Sketch geological map of the Tianshan area showing the position of the Kuqa depression
图 3 库车河剖面野外照片
Fig. 3. Photos showing representative lithologies in the Kuqa river section
图 4 库车河剖面样品正交和单偏光镜下照片
Fig. 4. Microphotographs (crossed polarized and plane light) of samples from Kuqa river section
图 5 库车剖面样品单颗粒年龄放射图
Fig. 5. Radial plots of apatite fission track ages from the analyzed samples
图 6 磷灰石裂变径迹年龄趋势与其他源区限制
Fig. 6. Thermochronologic age trends and other provenance constraints
图 7 南天山流纹岩样品的模拟t-T曲线
红色、蓝色和黄色框分别表示磷灰石（U-Th）/He年龄、裂变径迹年龄和锆石U-Pb年龄的限制；绿色区域表示可接受的拟合；紫色区域表示好的拟合
Fig. 7. Inverse thermal history modelling resulting from the HeFTy 1.9.1 software
图 8 天山‒库车地区中新生代构造演化简图
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram showing Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution in the Tianshan-Kuqa region
表 1 塔里木盆地北缘库车河剖面磷灰石裂变径迹数据
Table 1. Detrital apatite fission track data of Kuqa river section from the northern margin of Tarim basin
样品号 沉积年龄(Ma) 样品位置 岩性 颗粒数量 ρs(105 cm‒2) 238U含量(10‒6) 年龄范围(Ma) P(x2)(%) 峰值年龄1 (Ma) 峰值年龄2 (Ma) 峰值年龄3 (Ma) 18K15 N42°17′17.16″
E83°16′11.28″流纹岩 31 9.21 14.68 93.4~162.6 0.21 126.6±
3.6 (100%)18K16 245 N42°15′48.24″
E83°15′31.32″砂岩 94 7.312 15.37 43.6~417.9 0 76.2±
1.8 (45%)180.2±
5.3 (55%)18K18 218 N42°11′55.68″
E83°11′17.16″砂岩 65 7.417 19.51 10.8~393.7 0 60.5±
3.1 (43%)180.4±
6.6 (57%)20K5B 188 N42°09′30.56″
E83°06′38.75″砂岩 99 12.55 37.40 19.9~635.1 0 58.5±
1.3 (68%)140.3±
5.6 (32%)20K7B 150 N42°08′03.88″
E83°06′11.49″砂岩 26 13.34 13.91 74.5~384.5 0 143±
12 (44%)250±
18 (56%)18K21 141 N42°06′37.80″
E83°08′37.32″砂岩 34 6.603 26.98 17.8~257.3 0 35.7±
3.8 (71%)145±
18 (29%)18K22 136 N42°06′35.28″
E83°08′34.80″砂岩 102 15.09 57.06 9.9~505.1 0 38.1±
1.1 (64%)147.6±
5.6 (36%)18K25 125 N42°06′11.52″
E83°08′25.44″砂岩 47 12.72 45.04 6.3~261.8 0 36.4±
2.8 (56%)148.9±
7.9 (44%)18K26 68 N42°06′03.96″
E83°08′11.40″砂岩 41 16.53 45.76 13.3~226.0 0 36.5±
4.8 (36%)82±
20 (23%)143±
11 (41%)注：ρs是自发裂变径密度. 
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表 2 塔里木盆地北缘库车河剖面流纹岩(U⁃Th)/He数据
Table 2. Apatite (U⁃Th)/He data of Kuqa river section from the northern margin of Tarim basin
样品号 U(10‒6) Th(10‒6) 4He (10‒14nmol/g) Th/U eU(10‒6) 等效半径(μm) Ft 校正年龄(Ma) ±σ(Ma) 18K15-A1 29.7 68.2 4.087 0 2.4 45.7 54.6 0.736 63.56 3.38 18K15-A2 22.9 40.2 3.229 3 1.8 32.4 51.4 0.727 87.95 4.70 18K15-A3 77.7 190.6 1.298 3 2.5 122.5 54.4 0.739 6.37 0.34 注：eU是等效U浓度，Ft是α粒子校正系数.
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