Thermal Evolution History and Shale Gas Accumulation Significance of Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in Southwest Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 页岩热演化史与页岩气的成烃、成藏过程关系极为密切.一方面，页岩热演化过程决定了页岩生烃过程、页岩气类型和生气量；另一方面，页岩有机孔隙的形成与页岩热演化过程密切相关.在前期热史恢复基础上，以锆石（U-Th）/He和沥青反射率Rb等古温标进行标定，模拟了川西南地区代表性钻孔下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩热演化史，探讨了页岩热演化过程与页岩气成烃、成藏的关系.研究结果表明，川西南地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩热演化过程和生烃史差异性明显，可以识别出两种模式：加里东期坳陷区，筇竹寺组页岩在加里东期成熟，中‒晚二叠世期间快速演化定型，两个生烃高峰期分别出现在志留纪（生油高峰‒湿气阶段）、中‒晚二叠世（干气阶段），此后再无明显的生烃活动；加里东期古隆起区，筇竹寺组页岩在加里东期未熟‒低熟，晚海西期‒燕山期持续增熟，亦存在两期生烃高峰，分别是中‒晚二叠世（生油高峰阶段）、晚侏罗世‒早白垩世（湿气‒干气阶段），筇竹寺组页岩生烃过程持续到晚白垩世末期.分析表明中‒晚二叠世期间筇竹寺组页岩的埋深差异造成了其受峨眉山地幔柱热效应的影响不同，进而决定了加里东期坳陷区与隆起区筇竹寺组页岩热演化过程和生烃史差异，并最终导致了威远‒犍为地区筇竹寺组页岩含气性优于盆地外围.综合川西南地区筇竹寺页岩生烃史和孔隙度演化模型，将川西南成藏条件相对优越的威远‒犍为地区筇竹寺组页岩气成藏过程分为4个阶段：早古生代时期源‒储‒盖形成和生物气成藏阶段、中‒晚二叠世期间初始成藏阶段、晚侏罗世‒早白垩世主成藏阶段和晚白垩世以后调整改造阶段.该成果以页岩热演化过程为切入点解释了川西南威远‒犍为地区与盆地外围下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气成藏差异的原因.Abstract: The thermal evolution history is closely related to shale gas generation and accumulation process. On the one hand, the maturity evolution history determines the hydrocarbon generation process, type and amount of shale gas in the geological history. On the other hand, the formation of organic matter hosted pore is extremely relevant to the thermal evolution history of gas shale. In this paper, through analysis of burial and thermal history, it examined representative boreholes for the thermal evolution simulation of the Qiongzhusi Formation shale in the Southwest Sichuan basin, where the zircon (U-Th)/He and bitumen reflectance (Rb) were used for calibration. Then, the relationship between the thermal evolution history and the shale gas generation and accumulation was discussed. The results show that they differed from borehole to borehole on the thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation history of Qiongzhusi Formation shale in the Southwest Sichuan basin and two patterns were summarized. The Qiongzhusi Formation shale in the Caledonian depression entered the mature stage during Caledonian period and typing stage during the Middle-Late Permian because of Emeishan mantle plume. Accordingly, the two hydrocarbon generation peaks occurred in the Silurian (oil and wet gas generation stage) and the Middle-Late Permian (dry gas generation stage), respectively, which indicates that the organic matter had been nearly exhausted during the Middle-Late Permian and there was no obvious hydrocarbon generating activities since then. The Qiongzhusi Formation shale in the Caledonian uplift area was very different from the former on the thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation history. They had not yet or just exceeded the generation threshold during the Caledonian, and continually entered the mature and overmature stage during the late Hercynian to Yanshanian. There were also two rapid hydrocarbon generation stages of the Qiongzhusi Formation shale in the Caledonian uplift area, namely during the Middle-Late Permian (oil generation stage) and the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous (wet and dry gas generation stage). With the basin uplift and cooling, the hydrocarbon generation was effectively halted at the end of the Late Cretaceous. It shows that the different burial depths of Qiongzhusi Formation shale during the Middle-Late Permian caused dominantly the different influence by high heat flow associated with Emeishan mantle plume, and eventually led to the differences on the thermal evolution, hydrocarbon generation history and gas-bearing characteristics of Qiongzhusi Formation shale between the Caledonian depression and uplift area. The Qiongzhusi Formation shale gas accumulation process in Weiyuan-Qianwei area was divided into four phases on the basis of hydrocarbon generating and porosity evolution history analysis: the source-reservoir-cap deposition and biogenic gas accumulation stage during Early Paleozoic, the initial accumulation stage during the Middle-Late Permian, the main accumulation stage from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, and the adjustment stage since the Late Cretaceous. The thermal evolution analysis explains the Qiongzhusi Formation shale gas accumulation differences between the Weiyuan-Qianwei and periphery in the Southwest Sichuan basin.
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图 1 四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩厚度、Ro等值线及研究区位置和钻孔井位(据赵文智等, 2016修改)
Fig. 1. The thickness, Ro isogram of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi shale in the Sichuan basin, study area and borehole location
图 2 四川盆地代表性钻孔晚志留世以来热流演化史(据Jiang et al., 2018)
Fig. 2. The heat flow evolution history since Late Silurian of representative boreholes in the Sichuan basin
图 3 川西南地区龙马溪组(a)和筇竹寺组、灯影组(b)沥青反射率统计结果
Fig. 3. Bitumen reflectance of the Longmaxi Formation (a), the Qiongzhusi Formation and Dengying Formation (b) in SWSichuan basin
图 4 川西南地区永福1(a)、民页1(b)、威28井(c)Ro模拟值与实测值的对比
Fig. 4. Comparison between Ro simulation and measured values of borehole Yf1 (a), My1 (b) and W28 (c) in SW Sichuan basin
图 5 川西南长坪(上)、美姑(下)地区下寒武统沧浪铺组露头样品ZHe-Rb热史模拟结果
图中绿色代表“可接受的”（0.4≤GOF < 0.6）热史路径，紫色代表“好的”（0.6≤GOF≤1.0）热史路径，蓝色表示最佳热史路径
Fig. 5. The thermal history simulation results based on ZHe-Rb of outcrop samples in Canglangpu Formation in Changping(upper) and Meigu (lower) areas in SW Sichuan basin
图 6 川西南地区永福1井下寒武统埋藏史、地温史与成熟度演化史
Fig. 6. Thermal, maturity and hydrocarbon generation history of the Lower Cambrian in borehole Yf1, SW Sichuan basin
图 7 川西南地区金石1井下寒武统地温史、成熟度演化史与生烃史模拟结果
Fig. 7. Thermal, maturity and hydrocarbon generation history of the Lower Cambrian in borehole Js1, SW Sichuan basin
图 8 川西南地区代表性钻孔筇竹寺组页岩成熟度演化史
Fig. 8. Maturity evolution history of Qiongzhusi Formation shale of representative boreholes, SW Sichuan basin
图 9 川西南地区代表性钻孔筇竹寺组页岩生烃强度史
Fig. 9. Hydrocarbon generation intensity history of Qiongzhusi Formation shale of representative boreholes, SW Sichuan basin
图 10 川西南威远‒犍为与盆地外围筇竹寺组页岩埋藏史、温度史、成熟度演化史、孔隙度演化史与成藏过程对比
Fig. 10. Comparison of burial, geo-temperature, maturity, porosity evolution history and accumulation process of QiongzhusiFormation shale between Weiyun-Qianwei area and the periphery of SW Sichaun basin
表 1 中国南方下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气测试产量统计
Table 1. Shale gas test production statistics in the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in southern China
地区 井号 初始测试产量(m3/d) 盆地内
(威远‒犍为)威201 1.08×104 威201-H3 2.83×104 金石1 2.50×104 金页1 8.60×104 盆地外围 天星1 2 000 黄页1 420 方深1 20 岑页1 微气 永福1 未测试，气测含气性差 注：据赵文智等(2016). 
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表 2 川西南地区龙马溪组、筇竹寺组和灯影组实测沥青反射率
Table 2. Measured bitumen reflectance of the S1l, ∈1q and Z1d formations in SW Sichuan basin
采样位置 深度（m） 层位 岩性 沥青反射率(Rb, %) 采样个数 永福1井 2 694~2 795 龙马溪组 黑色碳质泥岩 2.23~2.79 3 永福1井 4 777~4 863 筇竹寺组 灰黑色碳质页岩 3.97~4.33 3 民页1井 3 039~3 124 龙马溪组 黑色碳质页岩 2.34~2.89 5 金石1井 3 680~3 740 筇竹寺组 灰黑色碳质页岩 3.15~3.26 2 永善长坪 露头 龙马溪组 黑色碳质页岩 2.19~3.20 3 永善长坪 露头 筇竹寺组 灰黑色碳质泥岩 3.38~4.51 2 永善长坪 露头 灯影组 黑色硅质页岩 4.30~4.51 2 雷波抓抓岩 露头 龙马溪组 黑色碳质页岩 3.06 1 雷波抓抓岩 露头 筇竹寺组 灰黑色碳质页岩 4.24 1 甘洛新基站 露头 龙马溪组 灰黑色碳质页岩 2.62~2.86 3 雷波芭蕉滩 露头 龙马溪组 灰黑色碳质泥岩 3.16 1
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表 3 川西南地区锆石(U⁃Th)/He测试结果
Table 3. Zircon (U⁃Th) /He test results in SW Sichuan basin
采样地区 采样位置 mol 238U Std. mol 238U mol 232Th Std. mol 232Th mol 4He Std. mol 4He 年龄(Ma) ± σ (Ma) FT Cor年龄(Ma) ± σ (Ma) Th/U 质量(μg) Rs(μm) 长坪地区 28°14′24.8″N
103°51′2.9″E1.04E-11 1.76E-13 4.14E-12 6.83E-14 2.04E-13 3.39E-15 13.91 0.32 0.776 17.93 0.99 0.4 4.11 50.8 5.63E-12 8.31E-14 2.40E-12 3.84E-14 2.30E-13 4.05E-15 28.91 0.64 0.716 40.38 2.21 0.4 1.68 40.0 2.94E-12 4.61E-14 2.03E-12 2.01E-14 8.44E-14 1.40E-15 19.30 0.41 0.797 24.22 1.32 0.7 5.31 57.0 3.92E-12 6.15E-14 2.39E-12 3.14E-14 9.58E-14 1.48E-15 16.70 0.35 0.712 23.46 1.27 0.6 2.20 38.7 美姑地区 28°9′46.6″N
103°27′35.6″E9.15E-13 1.36E-14 4.52E-13 9.53E-15 8.83E-15 1.65E-16 6.75 0.16 0.651 10.37 0.57 0.5 1.01 30.9 1.05E-12 1.67E-14 7.59E-13 8.72E-15 8.89E-15 1.74E-16 5.66 0.14 0.527 10.74 0.60 0.7 0.42 22.3 3.90E-13 6.21E-15 4.33E-13 7.94E-15 4.47E-15 7.92E-17 7.11 0.16 0.513 13.86 0.76 1.1 0.36 21.8 8.77E-13 1.37E-14 6.12E-13 8.96E-15 8.34E-15 1.32E-16 6.39 0.13 0.485 13.18 0.71 0.7 0.30 20.1
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