Formation, Distribution and Prospect of Unconventional Hydrocarbons in Source Rock Strata in China
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摘要: 经过十余年理论技术持续攻关，中国陆上实现了致密砂岩气规模发展、页岩气快速发展、煤层气持续发展、致密油稳步发展和页岩油加快探索，源岩层系油气已成为中国非常规油气增储上产的主要组成部分.源岩层系油气包括源岩油气和致密油气2种资源类型，普遍具备有效配置的烃源岩、储集层和聚集保存3个方面基础地质形成条件，展现出源内或近源大面积连续分布标志特征，海相页岩气主要分布于深水陆棚区，致密砂岩气和煤层气一般分布于主要聚煤期煤系，页岩层系石油一般主要发育于长期持续沉降的富油湖盆.源岩层系油气开发追求“平面甜点区”“纵向甜点段”较好经济资源条件，页岩气需含气量高、孔隙度高、TOC含量高、热演化程度适中、气层埋藏适中、保存条件好、储层可压性好、储量规模大，致密砂岩气需全天候气源、中粗粒砂岩、含气层系多、大面积聚集、稳定斜坡区、中浅层埋藏，致密油甜点区段一般具有烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、成缝性和经济性“六特性”经济资源条件.中国非常规源岩层系油气资源丰富，源岩层系天然气是天然气上产的“主力”，源岩层系石油是石油稳产的“砝码”，实现地下原位“煤岩燃烧气化、页岩熟化气化”“2个革命性领域”突破是推进源岩层系油气领域“跨越式”发展的关键路径.Abstract: After more than ten years of continuous theoretical and technological research, we have achieved the scale development of tight sandstone gas, the rapid development of shale gas, the sustainable development of coalbed methane, the steady development of tight oil and the accelerated exploration of shale oil. Hydrocarbons in source rock strata have become the main component of increasing reserves and production of unconventional oil and gas in China. Hydrocarbons in source rock strata include source rock oil and gas and tight oil and gas. They generally have the basic geological formation conditions of effective allocation of source rock, reservoir and accumulation and preservation, and show the characteristics of continuous distribution in or near the source. Marine shale gas is mainly distributed in the deep-water shelf area, tight sandstone gas and coalbed methane are generally distributed in the coal measures in the main coal accumulation period, and the oil of shale strata is mainly developed in the oil-rich lacustrine basin with long-term continuous subsidence. The oil and gas development of source rock strata pursues better economic resource conditions of "plane sweet area" and "vertical sweet section", in which, shale gas is of high gas content, high porosity, high TOC content, moderate degree of thermal evolution, moderate gas reservoir burial, good preservation conditions, good reservoir compressibility and large reserve scale, where as tight sandstone gas is of all-process gas source, medium coarse-grained sandstone, many gas bearing strata, large-area accumulation, stable slope area and medium and shallow burial. Economic resource conditions of tight oil sweet section generally show "six characteristics" of source rock, reservoir, oiliness, fluidity, fracturing and economy. China is rich in unconventional source rock strata oil and gas resources. Natural gas in source rock strata is the "main force" of natural gas production, and shale oil is the "weight" of stable oil production. Realizing the "two revolutionary field breakthroughs" of deep shale gas, underground coal gasification and continental shale oil conversion is the key path to promote the "leapfrog" development of source rock strata oil and gas field.
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图 1 美国(a)和中国(b)非常规源岩层系油气历年油气产量（美国数据来源：EIA，2022）
Fig. 1. Annual output of hydrocarbons in shale strata in the United States (a) and China (b)
图 2 中国非常规源岩层系油气资源分布（据邹才能等，2019修改）
Fig. 2. Distribution of oil and gas resources in unconventional source rock strata in China(according to Zou et al., 2019 modified)
图 4 中国源岩层系油气资源综合柱状图（据杨智等，2021修改）
Fig. 4. Comprehensive histogram of oil and gas resources of source rock strata in China(modified according to Yang et al., 2021)
图 5 中国非常规源岩油气和致密油气理论认识、关键技术和战略定位(据杨智等,2020; Li et al.,2021)
Fig. 5. Theoretical understanding.key techmnologies and strategie positioning of unconventional sourerockoil andgas and tight oil and gas in China(accordingto Yang et al.2020; Li et al.,2021)
表 1 中国陆上源岩层系油气的主要地质特征（据邹才能等，2017修改）
Table 1. Main geological characteristics of oil and gas in onshore source rock strata in China (modified according to Zou et al., 2017)
特征 页岩气 致密砂岩气 煤层气 页岩油 致密油 分布特征 靠近盆地沉降‒沉积中心 盆地中心或斜坡部位 盆地或坳陷向斜区 深凹或斜坡页岩发育地区 盆地中心或斜坡部位 源储关系 生储盖三位一体 源储直接接触或邻近 生储盖三位一体 生储盖三位一体 源储直接接触或邻近 运移方式 无运移或烃源层内短距离初次运移 初次运移或短距离二次运移 无运移或烃源层内短距离初次运移 无运移或烃源层内短距离初次运移 初次运移或短距离二次运移 聚集作用 页岩内弥散式分布，裂缝区富集 构造区或裂缝区富集高产 裂隙或割理为富集区 存在纳米孔喉系统，裂缝发育区富集 构造区或裂缝区富集高产 流体特征 以干气为主，吸附在干酪根、孔隙中，游离于裂缝中，游离气比例为40%~70% 含气饱和度差异大，多数小于60%，游离气比例为90%~100% 吸附气、游离气，游离气比例为5%~20% 以中高成熟度石油为主，游离烃比例为10%~30% 以中高成熟度石油为主，游离烃比例为20%~50% 产烃组成特征 初期产气游离气占比为80%~100%，累计产气游离气占比为30%~60% 初期产气游离气占比为90%~100%，累计产气游离气占比为95%~100% 初期产气游离气占比为5%~10%，累计产气游离气占比为
0%~5%初期产油游离烃占比为95%~100%，累计产烃游离烃占比为90%~100% 初期产油游离烃占比为90%~100%，累计产烃游离烃占比为80%~100% 开采工艺 产量低、采收率低、生产周期长，需水平井、分段压裂等技术 储层致密，自然产能低，常需水平井压裂改造等 低产，无自然产能，生产周期长，需水平井、压裂等技术 产量低，无或低自然产能，需水平井压裂、原位加热等改造改质技术 储层致密，自然产能低，需水平井增能驱油压裂等针对性技术 可采资源 全球 210×1012 m3 456×1012 m3 256×1012 m3 15 000×108 t (400~600)×108 t 中国 (9~13)×1012 m3 (10~25)×1012 m3 11×1012 m3 (200~300)×108 t (20~25)×108 t 2021年产量 美国 7 643×108 m3 830×108 m3 200×108 m3 3.62×108 t 中国 228×108 m3 526×108 m3 83×108 m3 350×104 t 典型实例 四川盆地下古生界页岩气等 鄂尔多斯盆地石炭‒二叠系、四川盆地三叠系致密砂岩气等 沁水、鄂尔多斯盆地石炭‒二叠系煤层气等 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系、松辽盆地白垩系等致密油、页岩油 
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