Mineralization Characteristics and Genesis of Worm-Tubes from Seafloor Hydrothermal Fields at East Pacific Rise
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摘要: 热液管状蠕虫生物矿化现象在海底热液喷口区发育广泛，但蠕虫管道矿化和风化氧化过程及其控制因素知之甚少.对采自东太平洋海隆热液蠕虫矿化管道样品开展了高分辨率矿物学和元素分布研究.结果表明，样品具有以胶状黄铁矿为主的多圈层矿化结构，分为快速（F型）和慢速矿化（S型）两种类型.相比“S型”样品，“F型”的管壁更厚，同心层的数量少、间隙小、厚度均一.这主要受矿物沉淀速率的影响，即矿物的快速沉淀加快了蠕虫管道生长和矿化.此外，“F型”样品外壁分布的草莓状黄铁矿，表明纳‒微米晶硫化物矿物的定向生长是形成胶状黄铁矿带的重要中间途径.而“S型”管壁从内到外具有氧化程度逐渐增加、胶状黄铁矿逐渐减薄的显著特征，指示样品同时受到了后期低温、富Fe-Si热液流体和低温海水风化氧化作用的影响.本项研究为理解现代海底热液系统的管状蠕虫矿化机制提供了新见解.Abstract: Hydrothermal tubeworms biomineralization is widely developed in seafloor hydrothermal field, but the processes of mineralization, weathering and oxidation, as well as the controlling factors are poorly understood. In this paper, we use a detailed mineralogy observation and elemental in situ analysis methods to study mineralized worm-tubes from hydrothermal fields on the East Pacific Rise. The results show that the samples have a multilayered mineralization structure dominated by colloform pyrite and are classified into two types of fast (F-type) and slow mineralization (S-type). Compared with the "S-type", the "F-type" has thicker tube walls, fewer concentric layers, smaller gaps, and uniform thickness. This is mainly influenced by the rate of mineral precipitation, i.e., the rapid precipitation of minerals accelerates worm tube growth and mineralization. In addition, the distribution of framboidal pyrite on the outer layers of "F-type" worm-tube wall suggests that the directional growth of nano-micron crystalline sulfide minerals is an important intermediate pathway for the formation of the colloform pyrite bands. The "S-type " is characterized by a gradual increase in oxidation and a gradual thinning of colloform pyrite bands from the inside to the outside, indicating that the sample was both affected by the oxidation of late low-temperature, Fe-Si-rich hydrothermal fluids and low-temperature seawater weathering. This study provides a new insight into understanding the mineralization mechanism of worm-tubes from modern seafloor hydrothermal systems.
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Key words:
- hydrothermal /
- tubeworm /
- mineralogy /
- multilayered tube /
- sulfide mineralization /
- weathering oxidation
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图 1 东太平洋海隆13°N和5.3°S热液区位置
地图用GMT 6制作（Wessel et al.，2019），地形数据自海洋地球科学数据系统（
http://www.marine-geo.org/ ），热液区位置来源于InterRidge Vents Database Ver. 3.4（Beaulieu and Szafranski，2020）Fig. 1. Locations of the East Pacific Rise 13° N and 5.3° S hydrothermal fields
图 2 含蠕虫矿化管道的硫化物烟囱体
a.富Fe烟囱体碎块；b.富Zn烟囱体顶部.黄色实线表示蠕虫矿化管道，蓝色虚线表示切片位置
Fig. 2. Sulfide chimneys with mineralized worm-tubes
图 3 EPR 13°N热液区烟囱体矿物组成和蠕虫矿化管道结构显微照片
a.蠕虫矿化管道及硫化物烟囱体矿物；b.被白铁矿和闪锌矿充填的蠕虫矿化管道；c.从外到内胶状黄铁矿层逐渐减薄的矿化管壁；d.位于外壁的草莓状黄铁矿聚合体；e、g.外壁中胶状黄铁矿和白铁矿的韵律层；f.胶状黄铁矿层间的无定型硅；h.无定型硅中的红褐色铁氧化物.橙色箭头指向蠕虫管道中心；除图f和图h使用的是透射光条件，其他照片均在反射光条件下拍摄
Fig. 3. Mineral assemblages and structures from microphotograph of worm-tubes within hydrothermal chimney at EPR 13°N
图 4 蠕虫矿化管道（图 3c）局部的TIMA分析结果
Py.黄铁矿；Sp1.半自形‒自形闪锌矿；Sp2.胶状闪锌矿；Ams.无定型硅；Fe-ox.铁氧化物，下同. 橙色箭头指向蠕虫管道中心
Fig. 4. Images of mineralized worm-tubes from Fig.3c by TIMA analysis
图 5 EPR 5.3°S热液区烟囱体矿物组成和蠕虫管道结构显微照片
a.蠕虫矿化管道及硫化物烟囱体矿物；b.未被充填的蠕虫矿化管道；c.朝向烟囱体一侧的管壁分层明显；d.靠近海水一侧的管壁层间可见闪锌矿充填.橙色箭头指向蠕虫管道中心
Fig. 5. Mineral assemblages and structures from microphotograph of worm-tubes within hydrothermal chimney at EPR 5.3°S
图 6 蠕虫矿化管道（图 5c）局部的TIMA分析结果
a.分层明显的胶状黄铁矿管壁；b.无定型硅和胶状黄铁矿交错相接的管壁；c.管壁氧化程度从内到外增加；d.充填在管壁层间的胶状闪锌矿；e.管道外壁的铁氧化物及与之共生的针钠铁钒. Gda.针钠铁钒，橙色箭头指向蠕虫管道中心
Fig. 6. Images of mineralized worm-tubes from Fig.5c by TIMA analysis
图 7 蠕虫矿化管道（图 5d）局部的TIMA分析结果
a.具有明显矿物分带的蠕虫管壁；b.内壁的氧化程度低；c.管壁被无定型硅取代，并保留了胶状黄铁矿核心；d.充填在管壁层间的胶状闪锌矿；e.管道外壁的铁氧化物及与之共生的针钠铁钒. Ccp.黄铜矿，橙色箭头指向蠕虫管道中心
Fig. 7. Images of mineralized worm-tubes from Fig.5d by TIMA analysis
图 8 EPR 13°N蠕虫矿化管道μ-XRF分析图
Fig. 8. Mineralized worm-tubes by μ-XRF analysis results at EPR 13°N
图 9 EPR 5.3°S蠕虫矿化管道μ-XRF分析图
Fig. 9. Mineralized worm-tubes by μ-XRF analysis results at EPR 5.3°S
表 1 硫化物烟囱体样品
Table 1. Information of sulfide chimney samples
样品编号 热液区 纬度 经度 深度(m) 样品类型 矿物组合 17A-TVG02-2 EPR 13°N 12.711°N 103.907°W 2 633 富Fe烟囱体 Py+Sp+Ccp 22Ⅶ-TVG07-2 EPR 5.3°S 5.301°S 106.482°W 2 721 富Zn烟囱体 Sp+Mar+Ams 注：Py.黄铁矿；Sp. 闪锌矿；Ccp.黄铜矿；Mar.白铁矿；Ams.无定型硅. 
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表 2 研究区蠕虫管道矿化特征对比
Table 2. Comparison of mineralization characteristics of worm-tubes in this study
热液区 管壁分布特征 通道封闭程度 通道内充填的矿物 主要矿物分带 同心层（内→外） 矿物组合 矿化管壁特征 黄铁矿带厚度（内→外）(μm) 厚度变化（内→外） 元素富集特征 元素变化（内→外） EPR 13°N 被硫化物烟囱体包围 75% 闪锌矿白铁矿 黄铁矿带 ① 胶状黄铁矿 30.3~75.8 增厚 Fe、Mn 增加 ② 胶状黄铁矿 53.1~110.6 Fe、Mn ③ 胶状黄铁矿+草莓状黄铁矿 121.2~303.2 Fe、Mn EPR 5.3°S 朝向烟囱体中心一侧 5% 闪锌矿 黄铁矿带 ① 胶状黄铁矿与无定型硅交错分布 52.6~144.1 减薄 Fe、Mn 增加 ② 15.6~28.5 Fe、Mn ③ 5.5~24.1 Fe、Mn ④ 12.1~34.5 Fe、Mn ⑤ 13.2~42.3 Fe、Mn ⑥ 18.9~41.8 Fe、Mn ⑦ 5.4~22.5 Fe、Mn ⑧ 9.8~17.5 Fe、Mn 靠近海水一侧 8% 闪锌矿 B1:黄铁矿带 ① 胶状黄铁矿 21.4~62.6 减薄 Fe、Mn 蠕虫管壁太薄，未分辨元素变化 ② 8.4~17.8 Fe、Mn ③ 19.7~47.1 Fe、Mn B2:无定型硅+ 黄铁矿带 ④ 胶状黄铁矿核心两侧分布无定型硅 2.9~10.4 Si ① 5.3~15.3 Si ② 3.1~8.7 Si ③ 2.5~7.9 Si ④ 3.8~6.3 Si ⑤ 2.4~7.5 Si B3:闪锌矿+ 黄铁矿带 ① 胶状黄铁矿核心两侧分布闪锌矿 2.9~9.3 Zn、As B4:针钠铁钒+铁氧化物+黄铁矿带 ① 胶状黄铁矿核心两侧分布针钠铁钒 5.2~9.8 Zn ② 3.1~23.2 Zn ③ 3.9~19.3 Zn
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