Petrogenesis of Triassic Hongshuihe Granitoids in East Kunlun: Implications for the Paleo-Tethyan Orogeny
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摘要: 东昆仑三叠纪岩浆岩的是研究古特提斯造山作用过程的重要探针. 对东昆仑洪水河地区花岗岩类开展了详细的岩石学、年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素研究，探讨其成因机制及动力学背景. 锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明，洪水河花岗闪长岩和花岗岩的结晶年龄分别为243.0 Ma±3.3 Ma和244.0 Ma±3.1 Ma. 两类岩石均属于准铝质高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩，但花岗闪长岩具有较低的Na2O/K2O比值（0.78~0.96）和较高的Mg#（42~45）. 岩石均富集大离子亲石元素，亏损高场强元素，且具有富集的Sr-Nd同位素组成[εNd（t=243）=-6.53~-4.99，Isr=0.706 871~0.709 126]. 综合分析表明，洪水河地区三叠纪花岗岩类形成于古特提斯洋壳俯冲的陆缘弧环境，岩浆起源于中元代变质杂砂岩的部分熔融，且经历了不同程度的壳幔混合作用和分离结晶作用.研究揭示，古老大陆地壳的重熔与一定量的壳幔混合作用是东昆仑中三叠世大陆地壳的主要演化方式.Abstract: Triassic magmatic rocks in East Kunlun are the key probe to study the Paleo-Tethyan orogeny. This paper presents a detailed petrological, chronological, geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic study on the Hongshuihe granitoids in the East Kunlun to constrain their petrogenesis and dynamic setting. Zircon U-Pb chronology shows that the crystallization ages of the granodiorite and granites in the Hongshuihe pluton are 243.0 Ma±3.3 Ma and 244.0 Ma±3.1 Ma, respectively. The studied rocks are metaluminous, high-K calc-alkaline Ⅰ-type granitoids, but the granodiorites have lower Na2O/K2O ratios (0.78-0.96) and higher Mg# (42-45) than the granites. All rocks are enriched in large ion lithophile elements but depleted in high field strength elements, and have an enriched Sr-Nd isotopic composition [εNd(t)=-6.53~-4.99, Isr=0.706 871~0.709 126]. Comprehensive studies indicate that the Hongshuihe middle Triassic granitoids were formed in the continental arc environment during the East Kunlun Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust subduction, and their parental magmas were derived by partial melting of Mesoproterozoic metagreywackes followed by varying degrees of crust-mantle mixing and fractional crystallization. This study also shows that the re-working of ancient continental crust with a certain amount of crust-mantle mixing is the main evolutionary mechanism of Middle Triassic continental crust in the East Kunlun.
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Key words:
- East Kunlun /
- Middle Triassic /
- Paleo-Tethyan /
- granitoid /
- petrogenesis /
- petrology
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图 1 （a）东昆仑地体及邻区大地构造单元划分简图；（b）东昆仑东段岩浆岩分布简图；（c）东昆仑造山带东段早二叠世-晚三叠世岩浆岩年龄分布直方图；（d）洪水河花岗岩岩体地质简图
a图据 Meng et al.（2013）；b图据 Xiong et al.（2019）；c图数据引自 Li et al.（2018），Guo et al.（2019），Xiong et al.（2019），Chen et al.（2019）；d图据1∶25万香日德农场地质图修改
Fig. 1. (a) Simplifiedtectonic division map of the East Kunlun orogen and its adjacent regions; (b) Sketch map showing the distribution of magmatic rocks in the eastern part of East Kunlun; (c) Age histogram for the early Permian-Late Triassic magmatic rocks in the eastern part of East Kunlun orogen; (d)Simplified geologicalmap of the Hongshuihegranite pluton
图 2 洪水河花岗岩与花岗闪长岩野外露头及镜下显微照片
Qz. 石英；Kfs.钾长石；Pl. 斜长石；Hbl. 角闪石；Bt. 黑云母
Fig. 2. Field photograph and microphotographs of Hongshuihe granite and granodiorite
图 3 洪水河地区花岗岩类的锆石阴极发光图像及U-Pb年龄谐和图
Fig. 3. Cathodoluminescence images and U-Pb concordia diagrams of zircons of Hongshuihe granitoids
图 4 （a）TAS分类命名图；（b）SiO2 vs. K2O图；（c）SiO2 vs.（Na2O+K2O-CaO）图；（d）A/CNK vs. A/NK图
a图据 Middlemost et al.（1994）；b图据 Peccerillo and Taylor（1976）；c图据 Frost et al.（2001）；d图据 Chappell and White（1974）
Fig. 4. (a) TAS classification and nomenclature diagram; (b) SiO2 vs. K2O diagram; (c) SiO2 vs. (c; Na2O+K2O-CaO) diagram; (d) A/CNK vs. A/NK diagram
图 5 洪水河花岗质岩石的全岩地球化学成分哈克图解
Fig. 5. Harker diagrams for the whole-rock geochemical composition of the Hongshuihe granitic rocks
图 6 （a）球粒陨石标准化稀土元素图；（b）原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图（据Sun and McDonough, 1989）
Fig. 6. (a) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns; (b) Primitive mantlenormalized trace element spider diagrams(after Sun and McDonough, 1989)
图 7 洪水河花岗岩类的Sr-Nd同位素组成图
洋岛玄武岩和基底资料据郭安林等（2007）和巴金等（2012）
Fig. 7. Whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopic diagram for the Hongshuihe granitic rocks
图 8 花岗闪长岩与花岗岩岩石成因判别图（Whalen et al., 1987）
Fig. 8. Petrogenesis discrimination diagrams of granodiorite and granite(Whalen et al., 1987)
图 9 洪水河地区花岗岩类的源区判别图解
a图据 Vielzeuf et al.（1988）；b图据 Kaygusuz et al.（2008）
Fig. 9. Discrimination diagrams for magma sources of the Hongshuihe granitoids
图 10 洪水河花岗岩类的岩浆演化过程判别图
Pl. 斜长石；Kfs.钾长石；Bt. 黑云母；Hbl.角闪石；Ttn. 榍石；Ilm. 钛铁矿；Aln.褐帘石；Ap. 磷灰石；Zr. 锆石
Fig. 10. Discrimination iagrams of magmatic evolution process for the Hongshuihe granitoids
图 11 洪水河地区花岗岩类的构造环境判别图
a. Ta vs.Yb图（Pearce et al.，1984）；b. La/Nb vs. Ba/Nb图（Jahn et al.，1999）；c. Ta/Ybvs.Th/Yb图（after Pearce et al.，1984）；d. Rb/30-Hf-3Ta图（Harris et al.，1986）；AV. 弧火山岩，CA. 大陆弧，CCA. 大陆地壳平均值，DOIB. Dupal洋岛玄武岩，OIA. 洋岛弧，MORB. 洋中脊玄武岩，OIB. 洋岛玄武岩，ORG. 洋脊花岗岩，PM. 原始地幔，syn-COLG. 同碰撞花岗岩，VAG. 火山弧花岗岩，WPB. 板内玄武岩，WPG. 板内花岗岩
Fig. 11. Tectonic discrimination diagrams for the Hongshuihe granitoids
图 12 东昆仑早-中三叠世岩浆-构造动力学模型
Fig. 12. Early-Middle Triassic tectono-magmatic dynamic model in East Kunlun
表 1 洪水河地区花岗岩类的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年分析结果
Table 1. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analysis results of the studied Hongshuihe granitoids
样品编号 元素含量
（×10-6）Th/U 同位素比值 同位素年龄 Th U Ratio 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/235U 207Pb/206Pb 206Pb/238U 1σ 09NM36-1（花岗闪长岩） 1 97 335 0.291 2 0.051 6 0.001 0 0.277 9 0.005 5 0.039 1 0.000 5 249 269 247 3 2 97 246 0.396 1 0.052 5 0.001 0 0.278 6 0.005 7 0.038 5 0.000 5 250 307 243 3 3 57 153 0.370 6 0.053 4 0.001 6 0.274 3 0.007 9 0.037 3 0.000 6 246 344 236 3 4 158 478 0.330 9 0.053 4 0.001 3 0.276 1 0.006 8 0.037 5 0.000 6 248 346 237 4 5 244 511 0.478 4 0.054 2 0.001 4 0.287 0 0.007 0 0.039 1 0.000 6 256 379 247 4 6 206 502 0.410 6 0.053 6 0.001 2 0.283 9 0.006 3 0.038 4 0.000 5 254 355 243 3 7 465 437 1.064 1 0.052 2 0.001 0 0.275 7 0.005 4 0.038 3 0.000 5 247 294 242 3 8 163 509 0.320 2 0.051 9 0.000 8 0.267 0 0.004 6 0.037 3 0.000 5 240 281 236 3 9 176 431 0.408 1 0.058 7 0.001 2 0.306 4 0.006 4 0.037 9 0.000 5 271 556 239 3 10 148 457 0.322 8 0.053 8 0.001 3 0.288 4 0.007 5 0.038 9 0.000 6 257 363 246 4 13NM02-3（花岗岩） 1 212 431 0.493 1 0.050 4 0.002 8 0.271 8 0.014 8 0.038 8 0.000 5 244 213 245 3 2 105 383 0.272 6 0.052 4 0.003 5 0.281 6 0.018 6 0.038 6 0.000 6 252 306 244 4 3 103 371 0.276 6 0.050 9 0.003 4 0.274 6 0.017 2 0.038 6 0.000 6 246 235 244 4 4 105 389 0.269 2 0.052 7 0.003 9 0.285 1 0.020 6 0.038 6 0.000 6 255 322 244 4 5 162 432 0.375 0 0.056 3 0.006 0 0.300 8 0.032 8 0.038 8 0.000 9 267 465 245 5 6 108 365 0.296 8 0.056 7 0.004 9 0.302 6 0.023 2 0.038 7 0.000 7 268 480 245 5 7 51 194 0.263 2 0.056 4 0.004 9 0.306 7 0.024 1 0.039 3 0.000 7 272 465 249 4 8 95 355 0.267 0 0.047 0 0.003 6 0.248 6 0.018 2 0.038 6 0.000 8 225 50 244 5 9 587 861 0.682 0 0.055 2 0.005 1 0.292 6 0.027 1 0.038 3 0.000 7 261 420 242 5 10 93 387 0.240 3 0.056 8 0.004 2 0.296 4 0.021 1 0.038 8 0.000 6 264 483 245 4 11 133 497 0.268 5 0.053 2 0.003 3 0.279 3 0.016 1 0.038 6 0.000 6 250 345 244 4 
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表 2 洪水河岩体全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成
Table 2. Whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopic compositions for the Hongshui River pluton
岩性 花岗闪长岩 花岗岩 样品号 09NM11-1 09NM78-1 09NM79 09NM80-1 09NM82-2 09NM82-4 87Rb/86Sr 1.462 10 1.000 98 1.027 49 1.102 70 6.421 82 1.915 49 87Sr/86Sr 0.713 287 0.7128 28 0.7128 68 0.713 016 0.730 624 0.715 63 2σ 121.000 02 59.000 02 60.000 02 61.000 02 67.000 02 68.000 02 (87Sr/86Sr)0 0.707 88 0.709 13 0.709 07 0.708 94 0.706 87 0.708 54 147Sm/144Nd 0.098 17 0.112 60 0.111 70 0.107 34 0.104 30 0.078 39 143Nd/144Nd(t) 0.511 99 0.511 97 0.511 97 0.511 98 0.512 02 0.512 05 fSm/Nd -0.500 93 -0.427 55 -0.432 15 -0.454 32 -0.469 75 -0.601 46 εNd(0) -9.32 -9.25 -9.34 -9.32 -8.64 -8.91 εNd(t) -6.06 -6.46 -6.53 -6.36 -5.58 -4.99 TDM2 1 522 1 553 1 559 1 546 1 482 1 436
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表 3 花岗岩和花岗闪长岩的常量元素（%）、稀土和微量元素数据（×10-6）
Table 3. Major (%) and trace (×10-6) element compositions of granite and granodiorite
岩性 花岗闪长岩 花岗岩 样品号 09NM11-1 09NM36-1 09NM78-1 09NM79 09NM80-1 09NM42-2 09NM82-2 09NM82-4 SiO2 67.97 67.54 66.72 66.28 66.81 72.19 76.21 73.77 TiO2 0.51 0.49 0.60 0.61 0.60 0.36 0.06 0.12 Al2O3 15.12 15.38 15.69 15.96 15.68 13.79 12.23 13.88 Fe2O3 1.03 1.11 0.75 0.92 0.82 0.52 0.47 0.58 FeO 2.60 2.68 2.85 2.80 2.80 1.67 0.38 0.68 MnO 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 MgO 1.43 1.56 1.61 1.68 1.59 0.44 0.28 0.27 CaO 3.45 3.84 4.08 3.98 3.92 1.43 1.36 1.89 Na2O 3.46 3.38 3.29 3.34 3.30 2.92 3.01 3.00 K2O 3.29 2.64 3.16 3.09 3.01 5.59 4.63 5.10 P2O5 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.01 0.03 H2O+ 0.68 0.83 0.73 0.80 0.84 0.51 0.59 0.30 CO2 0.06 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.21 0.25 0.63 0.13 LOI 0.43 0.58 0.42 0.53 0.63 0.65 1.05 0.29 Total 100.23 100.35 100.19 100.30 100.41 100.45 100.93 100.05 Mg# 41.96 43.05 44.88 45.22 44.48 26.84 38.34 28.60 Fe# 0.58 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.73 0.62 0.71 ACNK 0.97 1.00 0.97 0.99 0.99 1.02 0.98 1.00 ANK 1.63 1.83 1.78 1.81 1.81 1.27 1.23 1.33 Li 47.15 31.46 47.57 52.83 49.44 16.69 7.77 9.91 Be 2.42 1.85 2.63 3.54 3.39 1.47 2.94 1.96 Sc 8.60 8.08 8.04 9.66 8.08 6.09 2.73 2.38 V 64.96 60.12 57.16 67.38 60.08 10.23 7.03 10.43 Cr 12.06 7.25 13.81 15.05 14.52 5.13 3.58 1.75 Co 8.71 8.06 7.59 8.88 7.99 3.41 1.29 1.51 Ni 6.14 4.50 5.50 5.98 5.39 2.43 1.96 1.68 Cu 3.66 11.46 6.33 4.36 3.93 31.97 5.98 5.16 Zn 57.77 67.97 66.94 70.43 64.84 35.07 11.42 14.21 Ga 19.48 19.17 20.23 23.44 21.48 17.65 14.54 15.53 Rb 174.27 99.92 137.87 163.10 149.55 203.61 226.04 176.81 Sr 345.54 403.05 399.30 460.18 393.17 137.98 102.04 267.60 Y 16.73 15.02 16.45 19.84 16.51 16.96 10.02 8.19 Zr 164.21 135.88 175.00 192.19 184.12 215.30 55.61 115.32 Nb 11.52 9.89 9.21 11.51 9.77 12.01 5.10 4.60 Cs 7.99 1.96 5.52 11.36 8.24 4.22 12.92 5.64 Ba 646.78 682.89 581.88 663.81 580.65 817.82 132.52 1218.32 La 39.19 22.26 33.51 40.06 38.61 18.22 16.14 51.79 Ce 78.02 47.91 60.21 73.26 67.53 40.99 25.14 79.79 Pr 8.00 5.36 6.73 8.12 7.40 5.38 2.81 7.48 Nd 27.79 20.26 25.54 30.21 26.96 22.44 8.74 23.34 Sm 4.51 3.83 4.76 5.58 4.79 5.25 1.51 3.03 Eu 1.00 0.97 1.10 1.27 1.06 1.10 0.37 0.87 Gd 3.70 3.36 3.94 4.70 3.96 5.07 1.38 2.33 Tb 0.53 0.50 0.57 0.66 0.55 0.70 0.24 0.28 Dy 3.00 2.78 3.26 3.61 3.04 3.68 1.51 1.43 Ho 0.55 0.53 0.57 0.68 0.55 0.65 0.33 0.27 Er 1.65 1.48 1.64 1.96 1.60 1.66 1.02 0.81 Tm 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.24 0.23 0.17 0.13 Yb 1.58 1.48 1.42 1.73 1.51 1.48 1.30 0.88 Lu 0.24 0.22 0.22 0.26 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.13 Hf 4.64 3.63 4.69 5.19 5.04 5.51 2.50 3.32 Ta 1.13 0.62 0.76 1.04 0.97 0.85 1.31 0.73 Pb 25.40 31.25 24.99 23.72 22.25 34.03 50.67 30.26 Th 27.05 7.40 10.26 12.23 10.00 5.52 27.27 31.44 U 4.45 1.52 1.92 2.79 2.37 1.91 6.66 4.79 ∑REE 170.01 111.16 143.72 172.39 158.02 107.07 60.89 172.56 LREE 158.52 100.60 131.86 158.51 146.35 93.39 54.71 166.29 HREE 11.50 10.56 11.86 13.88 11.67 13.68 6.18 6.26 LREE/HREE 13.79 9.53 11.11 11.42 12.54 6.83 8.86 26.54 (La/Yb)N 16.78 10.15 15.91 15.61 17.24 8.33 8.42 39.59 Nb/Ta 10.19 15.90 12.16 11.11 10.05 14.18 3.89 6.33 Zr/Hf 35.41 37.43 37.30 37.07 36.55 39.05 22.25 34.69 Rb/Sr 0.50 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.38 1.48 2.22 0.66 δEu 0.72 0.81 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.76 0.97 δCe 1.02 1.04 0.93 0.94 0.92 1.00 0.84 0.88 10 000Ga/Al 2.43 2.35 2.44 2.78 2.59 2.42 2.25 2.11 Zr+Nb+Ce+Y 270.48 208.71 260.88 296.81 277.94 285.26 95.87 207.89
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