Sedimentary Characteristics, Evolution and Controlling Factors of the Pearl River Canyon System in the Northern South China Sea
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摘要: 深水海底峡谷内部的粗粒碎屑沉积物不仅可以作为良好的油气储层，也可以较为完整地记录海洋地质环境变迁的相关信息，是目前海洋地质领域研究的热点.为揭示南海北部珠江口外峡谷体系沉积演化过程及其控制因素，利用多波束测深和高分辨率二维多道地震数据，对珠江口外峡谷体系地形特征、沉积充填特征、形成发育过程和控制因素进行研究.研究发现珠江口外峡谷呈三段式发育：上段为NW-SE走向，宽度超过30 km，侵蚀强度不大，横截面为不规则形态；中段为E-W走向，宽度开始变窄（25~30 km），横截面呈U型；下段为NW-SE走向，宽度达到最大（25~45 km），横截面呈U型，中段和下段以沉积作用为主.珠江口外峡谷体系沉积演化主要分为3个阶段：早期阶段（23~15.5 Ma），水道‒海底扇阶段（15.5~11.6 Ma）和峡谷‒海底扇/块体流阶段（11.6~0 Ma）.揭示了该峡谷珠江口外峡谷体系的发育和演化主要受构造运动、海平面变化和沉积物供给的控制作用，通过以上分析，将对南海北部海洋灾害地质、深水沉积体系研究及油气资源勘探有重要的指导意义.Abstract: The coarser clastic sediment in deep-water submarine canyons is a hot topic in the field of marine geology, not only because it can be good oil and gas reservoirs, but also because it records the complete information of marine geological environment change. In order to reveal the sedimentary evolution process and controlling factors of the Pearl River Canyon system, in this paper it combined multibeam bathymetric and high resolution 2D multi-channel seismic data to study the topography characteristics, sedimentary filling characteristics, the formation processes and controlling factors of the Pearl River Canyon system. The study shows that Pearl River Canyon system has developed in three sections. The upper section is in NW-SE trend, with a width of more than 30 km, low erosion intensity, and irregular cross section. The middle section is in E-W trend, with narrower width (25-30 km), and U-shaped cross section. The lower sections is in NW-SE trend with the largest width (25-45 km) and U-shaped cross section. The middle and the lower sections are dominated by sedimentation. The evolution of Pearl River Canyon system could be divided into three stages: the early stage (23-15.5 Ma), the channel-submarine fan form stage (15.5-11.6 Ma) and the canyon-submarine fan/block flow stage (11.6-0 Ma). It's revealed that the development and evolution of the Pearl River Canyon system are mainly controlled by tectonic movement, sea level change and sediment supply. The above analysis has practical significance for the study of marine disaster, deep-water depositional system and hydrocarbon resources exploration in the northern South China Sea.
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图 1 研究区三维地形图和测线位置
图a据Gao et al.（2019）修改
Fig. 1. Three-dimensional bathymetry map of the study area and the location of the seismic lines
图 2 珠江口盆地地层综合柱状图
据庞雄等（2007），朱伟林和米立军（2010）修改
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic column in the Pearl River Mouth basin
图 3 珠江口外峡谷体系三维地形示意图和典型地形剖面图
右图剖面位置见左图
Fig. 3. 3D topographic map and typical bathymetric profile of the Pearl River Canyon system
图 4 珠江口外峡谷上段地震反射特征（a）及解释剖面（b）
剖面位置见图 1
Fig. 4. Seismic-reflection feature (a) and corresponding interpretation (b) of the upper segment crossing the Pearl River Canyon
图 5 神狐峡谷群地震反射特征（a）及解释剖面（b）
剖面位置见图 1，地震剖面据Chen et al.（2020）修改
Fig. 5. Seismic-reflection feature (a) and corresponding interpretation (b) of the Shenhu Canyon system
图 6 珠江口外峡谷中段地震反射特征（a）及解释剖面（b）
剖面位置见图 1
Fig. 6. Seismic-reflection feature (a) and corresponding interpretation (b) of the middle segment crossing the Pearl River Canyon
图 7 珠江口外峡谷下段地震反射特征（a）及解释剖面（b）
剖面位置见图 1
Fig. 7. Seismic-reflection feature (a) and corresponding interpretation (b) of the lower segment of the Pearl River Canyon
图 8 过珠江口外峡谷下段至西北次海盆地震反射特征（a）及解释剖面（b）
剖面位置见图 1
Fig. 8. Seismic-reflection feature (a) and corresponding interpretation (b) of the lower segment crossing the Pearl River Canyon to northwest sub-basin
图 9 珠江口外峡谷体系早中新世以来沉积演化模式（底图为地形图）
Fig. 9. Sedimentary evolution model since the Early Miocene of the Pearl River Canyon system
图 10 珠江口外峡谷体系强侵蚀界面与海平面变化曲线的对应关系
剖面位置见图 1
Fig. 10. The correspondence relationship between strong erosion interface and sea level change curve of the Pearl River Canyon system
图 11 珠江口外峡谷体系北部沉积物源供给特征
剖面位置见图 1
Fig. 11. The north sediment supply characteristics of the Pearl River Canyon system
表 1 珠江口外峡谷体系平面形态特征
Table 1. Morphology parameter statistics of different sections of the Pearl River Canyon system
参数 上段 中段 下段 走向 SE E SE 形态 V型 U型 U型 长度(m) 62 78 118 宽度(m) 16 000 26 000 34 000 切割深度(m) 120 180 145 宽深比 133 154 234 坡度(°) 1 0.7 0.5 
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