Mechanism and Controlling Factors of Sandy Conglomerate Reservoir in Piedmont Thrust Belt: A Case of Kunbei Oilfield, Qaidam Basin, NW China
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摘要: 柴达木盆地昆北断阶带为大型山前压扭冲断构造带，该构造带上的昆北油田切12区下干柴沟组下段发育厚层冲积扇沉积的砂砾岩储层.明确储层微观特征及发育控制因素，对冲断带砂砾岩储层评价与油藏治理具有重要意义.运用铸体薄片、X-衍射、扫描电镜、常规压汞与恒速压汞等测试分析资料，系统研究冲积扇砂砾岩储层微观特征，明确储层发育的主控因素.结果表明，切12区砂砾岩储层具有成分成熟度低、结构成熟度低的岩石学特征，储集空间类型具双重孔隙介质特征，发育2类储层结构模态、4类储集空间类型、4类储层孔隙结构，储层物性为低孔、特低渗型储层，成岩作用阶段为早成岩阶段B期.在砂岩动力成岩作用相同的地质背景下，成岩作用对储层改造的影响是相对均衡的，储层发育程度的差异主要受控于沉积作用差异而导致的碎屑组成与结构差异，泥质含量是储层发育程度差异的主控因素，明确泥质含量上限为8%，颗粒分选对储层性质起重要控制作用.建立了基于泥质含量、物性、孔隙结构和产能指标的储层评价分类标准，将砂砾岩储层划分为4类；运用该认识指导油藏综合治理，并取得应用实效.Abstract: The Kunbei thrust belt of Qaidam Basin is a large piedmont compression-torsion thrust belt. On the belt, the thick sandy conglomerate reservoir formed in alluvial fan is developed in the lower member of the lower Ganchaigou Formation in Qie12 block of Kunbei Oilfield. Understanding of the microcosmic characteristics and the main development controlling factors of this sandy conglomerate reservoir is significant to reservoir evaluation and the comprehensive reservoir management. In this study, the microcosmic characteristics of alluvial fan sandy conglomerate reservoir were systematically studied by using casting thin sections, XRD, SEM, conventional mercury injection and constant velocity mercury injection, and the main controlling factors of reservoir development were identified. The results show that the sandy conglomerate reservoirs in the area have the petrological characteristics of low compositional maturity and low structural maturity. The reservoir space type is characterized by dual porosity medium. There are 2 types of reservoir structure modes, 4 types of reservoir space types and 4 types of reservoir pore structures. The reservoir is of low porosity, ultra-low permeability and early diagenesis stage B. Under the same geological background of reservoir dynamic diagenesis, the influence of diagenesis on reservoir reconstruction is relatively balanced. The difference of reservoir development degree is mainly controlled by the difference of clastic composition and structure caused by the difference of sedimentation. The shale content is the main controlling factor of the reservoir development degree, and the upper limit of the shale content for reservoir is 8%, while the particle sorting plays an important role in controlling the reservoir properties. The reservoir classification standard based on shale content, physical property, pore structure and productivity index was established, and the sandy conglomerate reservoir was divided into four types. The research findings have guided the comprehensive reservoir management and achieved practical application results.
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图 1 柴达木盆地昆北油田切12区构造位置和岩性柱状图
Fig. 1. Tectonic location and lithologic log of Qie12 block in Kunbei Oilfield, Qaidam Basin
图 2 切12区冲积扇沉积及其内部构型模式
Fig. 2. Sedimentary and internal architectural model of alluvial fan in Qie12 block
图 3 切12区储层碎屑成分组成及粘土矿物组成
Fig. 3. Distribution of reservoir clastic constituents and clay mineral in Qie12 block
图 4 切12区储层粘土矿物分布特征
a.切12-23-6井，1 911.78 m，砂砾岩，全貌，孔隙发育；b.切12-23-6井，1 911.78 m，砂砾岩，粒间蠕虫状高岭石充填；c.切12-23-6井，1 908.49 m，泥质砂岩，全貌，孔隙不发育；d.切12-23-6井，1 908.49 m，泥质砂岩，粒间蠕虫状高岭石充填，自生硬石膏晶体；e.切11井，1 917.87 m，砂砾岩，全貌，孔隙较发育；f.切11井，1 917.87 m，砂砾岩，粒间蜂窝状伊蒙混层粘土充填，粘土微孔隙；g.切11井，1 917.87 m，砂砾岩，粒间伊利石搭桥状产出；h.切121井，1 936.7 m，砂砾岩，全貌，孔隙不发育；i.切121井，1 936.7 m，砂砾岩，粒间、粒表叶片状伊蒙混层粘土；j.切121井，1 936.7 m，砂砾岩，粒间叶片状、搭桥状的伊蒙混层粘土；k.切12井，1 817.64 m，砂砾岩，全貌，孔隙不发育；l.切12井，1 817.64 m，砂砾岩，粒间叶片状伊利石粘土，微孔隙
Fig. 4. Pattern of clay mineral in Qie12 block
图 5 切12区储层储集空间特征
a.切12-10-8井，1 857.01 m，中‒粗粒长石岩屑砂岩，原生粒间孔；b.切11井，1 920.13 m，含砾粗砂岩，原生粒间孔，（-）×25；c.切12-10-8井，1 858.06 m，含砾中‒粗粒长石砂岩，原生粒间孔、压碎缝；d.切12-10-8井，1 855.06 m，砂砾岩，原生粒间孔、粒内溶蚀孔；e.切11井，1 924.79 m，砂砾岩，原生粒间孔；f.切12-10-8井，1 850.82 m，含砾粗砂岩，原生粒间孔；g.切12-10-8井，1 858.06 m，含砾中‒粗粒长石砂岩，原生粒间孔、压碎缝；h.切11井，1 928.3 m，砂砾岩，压碎缝；i.切121井，1 944.36 m，原生粒间孔、压碎缝；j.切121井，1 946.2 m，压碎缝；k.切12井，1 818.6 m，含砾砂岩，岩屑溶蚀孔，（-）×25；l.切12井，1 820.74 m，砂质砾岩，岩屑溶蚀孔，（-）×25；m.切12井，1 820.5 m，砾状砂岩，长石溶蚀孔，（-）×25；n.切12-7-28井，1 831.72 m，砂砾岩，长石沿解理溶蚀；o.切11井，1 917.87 m，砂砾岩，泥质微孔；p.切12井，1 820.96 m，泥质微孔；q.切12-23-6井，1 913.20 m，泥质微孔
Fig. 5. Characteristics of reservoir storage space in Qie12 block
图 6 切12区储层结构模态图版
a.切12-10-8井，1 858.06 m，含砾中‒粗粒长石砂岩，原生粒间孔发育；b.切12-10-8井，1 858.06 m，粒度分布直方图；c.切12-10-8井，1 859.4 m，泥质砂砾岩，以溶蚀孔与泥质微孔为主，显孔不发育；d.切12-10-8井，1 859.4 m，粒度分布直方图
Fig. 6. Chart of reservoir structure model in Qie12 block
图 7 切12区典型储层毛管压力曲线
Fig. 7. Typical curves of reservoir mercury injection in Qie12 block
图 8 切12区Ⅰ类储层孔隙结构恒速压汞特征
Fig. 8. Rate-controlled porosimetry property of Ⅰ type reservoir pore structure in Qie12 block
图 9 切12区Ⅱ类储层孔隙结构恒速压汞特征
Fig. 9. Rate-controlled porosimetry property of Ⅱ type reservoir pore structure in Qie12 block
图 10 切12区储层孔隙度与渗透率关系
Fig. 10. Relationship of the porosity-permeability in Qie12 block
图 11 切12区储层成岩作用
a.切12-10-8井，1 858.5 m，中‒粗粒长石岩屑砂岩，原生粒间孔，颗粒以线、线‒点接触，（-）×100；b.切121井，1 944.36 m，原生粒间孔、压碎缝；c.切12井，1 830.2 m，细砾岩，石英颗粒压碎缝，（-）×40；d.切11井，1 929.05 m，砂砾岩，方解石、硬石膏斑状胶结，（+）×40；e.切11井，1 924.79 m，砾状砂岩，白云石胶结，（-）×40；f.切12-23-6井，1 908.49 m，泥质砂岩，粒间泥质填隙物中的硬石膏晶体；g.切11井，1 926.05 m，砂砾岩，方解石胶结，残余孔；h.切12-7-28井，1 831.72 m，砂砾岩，长石沿解理溶蚀；i.切12井，1 818.6 m，含砾砂岩，岩屑溶蚀，具风化淋滤特征，（-）×25
Fig. 11. Reservoir diagenesis in Qie12 block
图 12 切12区储层成岩作用类型及特征
Fig. 12. Types and characteristics of reservoir diagenesis in Qie12 block
图 13 切12区沉积微相与储层物性分布的关系
Fig. 13. Relationship of sedimentary microfacies and reservoir physical properties
图 14 切12区储层渗透率与泥质含量交会图
Fig. 14. Cross-plot of reservoir permeability and shale content
图 15 切12区储层渗透率与粒度分选系数相关关系
Fig. 15. Relationship between reservoir permeability and sorting-coefficient of grain-size in Qie12 block
图 16 切12区储层评价分类与冲积扇构型单元叠合图
Fig. 16. Overlay chart of reservoir classification and sedimentary structure model of alluvial fan in Qie12 block
表 1 切12区储层孔隙结构分类参数
Table 1. Sorting parameters of reservoir pore structure in Qie12 block
分类 样品 孔隙度
（%）渗透率
（mD）排驱压力
(MPa)Rd
(μm)SHg-max
(%)P50
(MPa)R50
(μm)We
(%)Ⅰ 最大 11 23.4 31.40 0.317 44.406 91.12 89.66 4.844 61.28 最小 10.1 2.80 0.017 2.317 38.63 0.15 0.008 9.11 平均 13.1 9.94 0.073 17.615 65.08 21.91 0.494 27.27 Ⅱ 最大 14 12.9 3.30 2.083 17.763 81.30 82.76 0.761 40.36 最小 9.3 0.61 0.041 0.353 44.37 0.97 0.009 10.51 平均 10.1 1.88 0.398 6.089 65.13 28.50 0.164 30.47 Ⅲ 最大 12 8.6 1.30 2.069 2.773 81.48 48.97 0.110 35.10 最小 7.2 < 0.05 0.269 0.355 59.31 6.68 0.015 27.39 平均 8.0 0.40 0.877 1.337 70.33 24.26 0.046 30.00 Ⅳ 最大 6 6.8 0.08 32.410 1.332 89.98 106.00 0.097 38.68 最小 5.4 < 0.05 0.552 0.023 39.39 7.59 0.007 29.82 平均 6.2 0.06 10.323 0.318 64.52 55.46 0.022 34.03 合计 43 9.8 9.80 3.100 2.225 11.41 65.34 29.855 0.32 注：Rd为最大连通孔喉半径；SHg-max为最大进汞饱和度；P50为饱和度中值压力；R50为饱和度中值半径；We为退汞效率. 
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表 2 切12区储层评价分类标准
Table 2. The standard for reservoir classification and evaluation in Qie12 block
储层类型 Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类 渗透率（mD） > 6.0 2.0~6.0 0.6~2.0 < 0.6 泥质含量（%） < 3.5 3.5~5.0 5.0~8.0 > 8.0 孔隙结构及特征 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ 大孔、中喉型 中孔‒大孔、细喉型 小孔、微孔、微喉型 微孔、微喉型 孔隙度（%） > 10.0 9.0~15.0 8.5~13.0 < 8.5 单层厚度（m） 0.5~1.4 0.3~1.5 0.4~1.4 0.2~0.8 产油强度（m3） > 2.5 1.0~2.5 0.3~1.0 无产能 产能级别（m3） > 12.0 3.0~12.0 1.0~3.0 无产能
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