Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Setting of the Ningduo Peraluminous Granites from the North Qiangtang Terrane
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摘要: 青藏高原中部（包括北羌塘地区）出露了大规模三叠纪中酸性岩浆活动.然而，目前人们对于这些岩浆的起源、岩石成因及其地球动力学机制等问题至今还存在较多分歧.本文以北羌塘宁多地区过铝质花岗岩体为研究对象，开展锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩和同位素地球化学等综合研究，为深入认识与理解过铝质花岗岩形成机制及青藏高原中部三叠纪构造‒岩浆演化过程等提供新的线索.宁多过铝质花岗岩的岩性为黑云母花岗闪长岩，主要由斜长石（35%~40%）、石英（25%~30%）、碱性长石（15%~20%）和黑云母（5%~10%）组成.宁多花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为248±1 Ma，为早三叠世岩浆活动的产物.样品均具有中等程度的SiO2和MgO含量，相对富钾和铝，总体上与强过铝质花岗岩成分特征类似.所有岩石样品相对原始地幔要明显富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素，亏损Nb、Ta、Ti和P等高场强元素.岩石样品具有相对高的87Sr/86Sr初始比值（ISr为0.720~0.722）、相对低的εNd（t）值（-12.4~-12.3）以及古老的两阶段模式年龄（T2DM为2.02~2.03 Ga），可与北羌塘地体东南部元古代片麻岩及由前寒武纪变质基底熔融形成的S型花岗岩特征类比.宁多过铝质花岗岩具有显著高的锆饱和温度（806~845 ℃）和锆石Ti温度（830~1 033 ℃），可与世界上典型高温花岗岩类的结晶温度类比.研究结果表明，这些过铝质花岗岩的形成与北羌塘前寒武纪基底物质（变杂砂岩和少量变泥质岩组分）的高温熔融有关.结合区域上多学科研究资料可以判断，在龙木错‒双湖古特提斯洋北向俯冲的背景下，板片回撤引发弧后伸展和大量玄武质岩浆底侵，进而导致这一时期古老基底物质发生高温熔融.Abstract: Triassic intermediate to acid magmatism is widely distributed in the central Tibetan Plateau (including the North Qiangtang terrane). However, the magma origin, petrogenesis and geodynamic mechanism of the magmas are still poorly understood. This paper presents an integrated study of zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock and isotopic geochemistry for the Ningduo peraluminous granites from the North Qiangtang terrane, aiming to provide new insights into the generation of peraluminous granites and the Triassic tectonic-magmatic evolution of the central Tibetan Plateau. The lithology of the Ningduo peraluminous granites is biotite granodiorite, which is mainly composed of plagioclase (35%-40%), quartz (25%-30%), K-feldspar (15%-20%), and biotite (5%-10%). The crystallization age of the Ningduo granites is 248±1 Ma, which could be considered as the products of the Early Triassic magmatism. The Ningduo granites have moderate contents of SiO2 and MgO, and relatively high contents of K and Al, which can be comparable to those of typical strongly peraluminous granites. All the samples are featured with enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, K) and light rare earth elements, and depletion of high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti, and P), relative to the primitive mantle. They have relatively high ISr ratios of 0.720-0.722, low εNd(t) values of -12.4 to -12.3, and old T2DM ages of 2.02-2.03 Ga, similar to those of the Proterozoic gneisses and Precambrian basement-derived S-type granites. The Ningduo granites have remarkable high zirconium saturation temperatures (806-845 ℃) and Ti-in-zircon temperatures (830-1 033 ℃), similar to those of typical high-temperature granites worldwide. The results indicate that the Ningduo granites were derived from partial melting of Precambrian basement rocks (greywacke and minor pelite rocks) under a high temperature condition. During the subduction of the Longmuco-Shuanghu Ocean, slab rollback triggered the back-arc extension and intense basaltic underplating, and then induced the high-temperature melting of Precambrian basement rocks.
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Key words:
- peraluminous granites /
- high-temperature granite /
- petrogenesis /
- Triassic /
- North Qiangtang /
- petrology /
- geochemistry
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图 1 北羌塘北部玉树‒治多地区所在大地构造位置（a）及其岩浆岩地质分布简图（b）
Fig. 1. Tectonic location (a) and simplified geological map (b) of the Yushu-Zhiduo magmatic rocks in the north part of the North Qiangtang terrane
图 3 宁多花岗岩野外露头（a~b）及显微镜下照片（c~d）
矿物缩写：Bt.黑云母；Kfs.碱性长石；Pl.斜长石；Qz.石英
Fig. 3. Field photographs (a‒b) and microscope photographs (c‒d) of the Ningduo granites
图 4 宁多花岗岩典型锆石CL图像特征(a)以及锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄谐和图(b)
Fig. 4. CL images (a) and zircon U-Pb concordant diagrams (b) of zircon grains for the Ninguo granites
图 5 宁多花岗岩样品FeOT、MgO、TiO2、P2O5、Na2O、K2O、Nb、Sr、Rb、Ba、La和Th与LOI之间的协变图解
图 5及本文其他部分用到的东达山和吉塘花岗岩的数据分别据Peng et al.（2015）和Tao et al.（2014）
Fig. 5. Plots of FeOT, MgO, TiO2, P2O5, Na2O, K2O, Nb, Sr, Rb, Ba, La, and Th versus LOI for the Ningduo granites
图 6 宁多花岗岩样品成分判别图解
a.（Na2O + K2O）vs. SiO2图解，据Irvine and Baragar（1971）、Middlemost（1994）；b. SiO2 vs. AR图解，据Wright（1969）；c. FeOT/（FeOT + MgO）vs. SiO2图解，Frost et al.（2001）；d. A/NK vs. A/CNK图解，据Maniar and Piccoli（1989）
Fig. 6. Geochemical classification plots for the Ningduo granites
图 7 宁多花岗岩样品的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布图（a）和微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图（b）
原始地幔和球粒陨石标准化值据Sun and McDonough（1989）和Taylor and McLennan（1985）
Fig. 7. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams for the Ningduo granites
图 8 宁多花岗岩样品的εNd(t) vs. ISr图解(a)；εNd(t) vs. T2DM图解(b)；εNd(t) vs. Nb/La图解(c)和εNd(t) vs. (La/Yb)N图解(d)
HBSG地体三叠纪浊积岩数据来源于de Sigoyer et al.（2014）、She et al.（2006）、Zhang et al.（2007）
Fig. 8. Plots of εNd(t) vs. ISr (a), εNd(t) vs. T2DM (b), εNd(t) vs. Nb/La (c), and εNd(t) vs. (La/Yb)N (d) for the Ningduo granites
图 9 宁多花岗岩样品Zr vs. 10 000×Ga/Al (a；Whalen et al., 1987)、ACF (b；Chappell and White, 1992)、P2O5 vs. SiO2 (c)和Th vs. Rb (d)图解
Fig. 9. Plots of Zr vs. 10 000×Ga/Al diagram (a; Whalen et al., 1987), ACF diagram (b; Chappell and White, 1992), P2O5 vs. SiO2, (c) and Th vs. Rb (d) for the Ningduo granites
图 10 宁多花岗岩Dy/Sm vs. Zr/Sm (a; Wu et al., 2003)和Rb vs. Sr (b; Sisson, 1994)图解
Bt.黑云母；Grt.石榴子石；Hb.角闪石；Kfs.碱性长石；Ms.白云母；Pl.斜长石
Fig. 10. Plots of Dy/Sm vs. Zr/Sm (a; Wu et al., 2003) and Rb vs. Sr (b; Sisson, 1994) for the Ningduo granites
图 11 宁多花岗岩Rb/Ba vs. Rb/Sr (a)、molar K2O/Na2O vs. CaO/(MgO+FeOT) (b)、molar K2O/Na2O vs. A/CNK (c)和T(℃，锆饱和温度) vs. A/CNK图解(d)
底图分别据Altherr and Siebel（2002）和刘彬等（2012）修改
Fig. 11. Plots of Rb/Ba vs. Rb/Sr (a), molar K2O/Na2O vs. CaO/(MgO+FeOT) (b), molar K2O/Na2O vs. A/CNK (c), and T(℃) vs. A/CNK (d) for the Ningduo granites
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