Taphonomy of Lycoptera Fossils and Its Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment Significance from Cretaceous Liwaxia Formation in Liupanshan Area
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摘要: 为查明六盘山地区白垩纪李洼峡组狼鳍鱼化石的埋藏学特征所表征的古气候和古环境意义，以化石保存层位岩石和其上下层岩石为主要研究对象，对它们进行了全岩X衍射（XRD）、主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素分析.XRD分析显示化石埋藏层位岩石的组成矿物主要以铁白云石（42.70%）和石英（41.50%）为主，其上下层岩石的组成矿物主要以石英（平均含量40.40%）和长石（总平均含量15.98%）为主.主量元素分析显示化石埋藏层位岩石具有较高含量的CaO（平均含量20.61%）和MgO（平均含量10.52%），而其他层岩石具有较高含量的SiO2（平均含量54.58%）和Al2O3（平均含量14.79%）.古气候指标MgO/CaO和Sr/Cu指示干热的气候，古盐度指标m值和Sr/Ba指示水体盐度高，古氧化还原环境指标Th/U和V/（V+Ni）指示缺氧和水体分层且底层出现硫化环境.鱼群的大规模死亡是由一次短暂的突发性事件造成，缺氧的水体环境和硫化氢的毒害作用可能是鱼类大规模死亡并得到保存的主要原因.特别需要指出的是，六盘山地区在白垩纪中期出现干热的气候条件以及高盐度、缺氧的水体环境可能是这一时期全球CO2浓度快速升高的结果，也可视为白垩纪Aptian-Albian大洋缺氧事件（OAE1a）在陆相地层的地质响应.Abstract: In order to find out the taphonomy and paleoclimate and paleoenvironment significance of Lycoptera-bearing Liwaxia Formation in the Liupanshan area, multiple methods of analyses are used. XRD analysis shows that the fossil-bearing is mainly composed of ankerite (42.70%) and quartz (41.50%), while its overlying and underlying neighbors are mainly composed of quartz (average 40.40%) and feldspar (total average 15.98%). The major elements of the fossil-bearing unit are CaO (average 20.61%) and MgO (average 10.52%), while its neighboring units are enriched in SiO2 (average 54.58%) and Al2O3 (average 14.79%). The paleoclimate indexes MgO/CaO and Sr/Cu indicate a dry hot climate, the paleo-salinity index m value and Sr/Ba indicate a high salinity environment, and the paleo-redox environment indexes Th/U and V/(V+Ni) indicate a stratified aquatic environment with euxinic bottom water. The mass mortality of fishes was caused by a rapid redox change of the water body and toxicity of H2S. It is likely that the anoxia was a response to OAE1a in the Liupanshan area, and the dry hot climate and high salinity water were caused by the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration in the Middle Cretaceous. Additionally, the euxinic bottom water provides favorable conditions for the preservation of fish fossils.
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Key words:
- Liupanshan area /
- Cretaceous /
- taphonomy /
- major and trace element /
- paleoclimate /
- paleoenvironment
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图 1 六盘山盆地构造位置（a）；六盘山盆地研究区区域地质简图（b）；六盘山盆地早白垩世综合地层柱状图（c）；研究区野外剖面分层柱状图（d）
图a、图c据Zhao et al.，2020修改；图b据陇县幅1∶20万地质矿产图, 1966, 陕西省地质局区域地质测量队二十五分队. 1.土黄色、微红色黄土夹古土壤，含钙质结核；2.砾石、砂、漂砾；3. 紫红色砂质泥岩夹砂岩；4.紫红色砾岩夹粗砂岩透镜体；5.杂色泥岩夹砂岩；6.紫红色泥岩夹杂色砂岩，产甘肃狼鳍鱼；7.黄绿色砂岩夹页岩及煤层；8.紫红色砂岩夹砾岩及泥岩；9.灰黄色中粒砂岩夹泥岩、煤线；10.延长群黄绿色中细粒砂岩、长石砂岩与页岩互层；11.泥岩；12.粉砂质泥岩；13.钙质泥岩；14.粉砂岩；15.石英砂岩；16.砂砾岩；17.砾岩；18.泥质灰岩；19.白云质砂岩；20.红褐色黄铁矿层；21.灰色黏土矿物层；22.野外露头位置；23.化石埋藏层位；24.野外露头分层
Fig. 1. Tectonic location map of Liupanshan Basin (a); regional geological sketch of Liupanshan Basin research area (b); column chart of Early Cretaceous comprehensive strata in Liupanshan Basin (c); stratified column chart of the field profile in the study area (d)
图 2 李洼峡组砂岩δCe和δEu (a)与δCe和ΣREE (b)相关性图解
Fig. 2. Correlation diagrams of δCe vs. δEu (a) and δCe vs. ΣREE (b) in sandstone from the Liwaxia Formation
图 3 六盘山盆地白垩纪李洼峡组部分典型鱼类化石
Fig. 3. Typical fish fossils from Cretaceous Liwaxia Formation in Liupanshan Basin
图 4 狼鳍鱼化石鱼骨光学照片和微区XRF元素分布
Fig. 4. Light images and micro-XRF elemental mapping results of Lycoptera fossils
图 5 狼鳍鱼化石鱼尾部分光学照片和微区XRF元素分布
Fig. 5. Light images and micro-XRF elemental mapping results of the tail of Lycoptera fossils
图 6 研究区李洼峡组各样品地球化学参数比值变化
Fig. 6. Ratio variation of geochemical parameters of Liwaxia Formation samples in the study area
图 7 研究区李洼峡组各样品V/(V+Ni)比值变化
Fig. 7. Variation of V/(V+Ni) ratio in samples from the Liwaxia Formation in the study area
图 8 研究区古湖泊环境演变模式（底图据Pan et al., 2015；Fan et al., 2021）
Fig. 8. Evolution model of paleo-lake environment in the study area (after Pan et al., 2015; Fan et al., 2021)
表 1 李洼峡组砂岩样品X射线衍射分析结果（%）
Table 1. X-ray diffraction analysis results (%) of sandstone samples from the Liwaxia Formation
样品编号 石英 斜长石 钾长石 方解石 铁白云石 白云石 伊利石 绿泥石 黄铁矿 方沸石 C2 39.90 9.90 5.30 / / / 5.70 2.90 34.30 2.00 C3 40.60 16.00 5.30 8.60 / / 11.10 11.10 2.00 5.30 C5 41.50 4.00 1.90 1.80 42.70 / 3.40 2.80 / 1.90 C7 39.60 17.70 3.80 7.50 / 4.50 10.40 12.20 / 4.30 平均值 40.40 11.90 4.08 / / / 7.65 7.25 / 3.38 
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表 2 李洼峡组砂岩样品主量元素含量（%）
Table 2. Major element contents (%) of sandstone samples from the Liwaxia Formation
样号 SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O TiO2 P2O5 MnO 灼失 TFe2O3 C3 53.05 15.16 5.30 2.88 3.41 2.14 0.68 0.15 0.081 13.19 3.82 C5 24.52 5.94 20.46 10.24 1.34 1.12 0.30 0.20 0.50 30.85 4.34 C7 56.12 14.42 5.27 2.61 3.14 2.20 0.70 0.16 0.10 10.94 4.20 S1 21.33 5.03 21.73 11.62 1.12 0.92 0.26 0.34 0.59 32.94 3.92 S2 20.10 5.69 22.44 10.73 1.21 0.90 0.27 0.17 0.56 33.16 4.59 S3 22.34 5.30 21.28 11.28 1.16 0.99 0.28 0.26 0.57 32.31 4.04 S4 23.42 6.18 20.08 10.64 1.33 0.89 0.29 0.24 0.61 31.43 4.66 S5 30.22 7.56 17.64 8.61 1.70 1.34 0.38 0.15 0.43 27.51 4.26
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表 3 李洼峡组砂岩样品微量元素含量（10‒6）
Table 3. Trace element contents (10‒6) of sandstone samples from the Liwaxia Formation
样号 Cu Cr Ni Co Sr Ba V U Th C3 39.60 79.50 32.80 15.70 245 455 127 30.40 15.5 C5 16.40 38.90 18.70 8.07 1020 409 112 49.20 7.10 C7 35.30 72.30 37.10 12.20 227 542 111 25.30 15.30 S1 15.10 33.50 15.20 6.05 1140 479 91.1 54.40 5.34 S2 15.30 30.50 18.60 6.92 888 372 109 40.50 6.90 S3 14.60 31.60 15.40 6.26 1040 456 87.6 45.60 5.68 S4 17.30 32.50 18.80 6.58 909 492 94 42.20 6.47 S5 21.30 47.10 21.90 9.38 887 439 125 44.40 9.38
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表 4 李洼峡组砂岩样品地球化学参数比值结果
Table 4. Geochemical parameter ratios of sandstone samples from the Liwaxia Formation
样号 m n Sr/Ba Sr/Cu Ni/Co V/Cr Th/U p δU δCe δEu ΣREE C3 19.00 0.54 0.54 6.19 2.09 1.60 0.51 0.79 1.71 0.91 0.70 189.94 C5 172.39 0.50 2.49 62.20 2.32 2.88 0.14 0.86 1.91 1.12 0.67 134.76 C7 18.10 0.50 0.42 6.43 3.04 1.54 0.60 0.75 1.66 0.91 0.66 179.64 S1 231.01 0.53 2.38 75.50 2.51 2.72 0.10 0.86 1.94 1.15 0.74 122.85 S2 188.58 0.48 2.39 58.04 2.69 3.57 0.17 0.85 1.89 1.00 0.66 119.13 S3 212.83 0.53 2.28 71.23 2.46 2.77 0.12 0.85 1.92 1.19 0.69 107.50 S4 172.17 0.53 1.85 52.54 2.86 2.89 0.15 0.83 1.90 0.99 0.67 112.75 S5 113.89 0.49 2.02 41.64 2.33 2.65 0.21 0.85 1.87 1.13 0.71 156.51 注：m=100×MgO/Al2O3；n=MgO/CaO；p=V/(V+Ni)；δU=2U/(U+Th/3)；δCe=2(Ce)N/[(La)N+(Pr)N]；δEu=2(Eu)N/[(Sm)N+(Gd)N].
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表 5 李洼峡组砂岩样品稀土元素含量（10‒6）
Table 5. Rare earth element contents (10‒6) of sandstone samples from the Liwaxia Formation
样号 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu C3 42.90 75.80 8.54 36.20 6.31 1.38 5.41 0.92 4.93 0.99 2.80 0.43 2.89 0.44 C5 25.60 59.00 6.08 23.80 4.40 0.94 3.98 0.68 4.06 0.88 2.32 0.36 2.30 0.36 C7 38.30 71.90 9.19 35.00 6.32 1.24 4.89 0.88 4.70 0.96 2.57 0.46 2.78 0.45 S1 26.10 57.20 5.02 18.60 3.27 0.77 3.03 0.52 3.26 0.68 1.95 0.29 1.87 0.29 S2 24.80 50.70 5.82 20.50 4.29 0.87 3.52 0.58 3.18 0.65 1.87 0.28 1.81 0.26 S3 21.80 51.00 4.60 16.30 3.01 0.66 2.74 0.44 2.55 0.57 1.66 0.25 1.67 0.25 S4 23.80 47.90 5.47 19.60 3.48 0.75 3.24 0.56 3.02 0.62 1.90 0.28 1.87 0.26 S5 30.40 69.50 6.98 26.70 4.86 1.09 4.39 0.79 4.51 0.98 2.81 0.41 2.68 0.41
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表 6 鱼化石样品元素半定量结果
Table 6. Element semi-quantitative results of fish fossil samples
元素 鱼骨化石 鱼尾化石 浓度（%） 浓度（%） Mg 0.489 0.547 Al 1.178 1.660 Si 5.515 7.217 P 3.514 2.538 S 0.347 0.554 K 2.033 1.853 Ca 72.295 69.479 Ti 0.790 0.729 Cr 0.057 0.275 Mn 1.696 1.449 Fe 11.452 12.070 Cu 0.015 0.173 Zn 0.089 0.214 As 0.066 0.077 Ba 0.464 1.164 Total 100 100
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