Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Dissolved Carbon Export from an Alpine Catchment underlain by Seasonal Frost in the Qilian Mountains, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
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摘要: 高寒山区土壤碳是全球冻土碳库的重要组成部分，以溶解相从陆地侧向输出到河流是该地区土壤碳输出的重要途径，而以往研究主要集中在多年冻土区，对季节冻土区关注较少.为探讨季节冻土区河流溶解性碳的输出规律、影响因素及其作用机制，以位于青藏高原祁连山北麓黑河上游的季节冻土山区——红泥沟小流域为研究区，通过对河水中溶解性有机碳（DOC）和溶解性无机碳（DIC）浓度与通量的连续观测，结合河水中稳定同位素丰度及流域内气象、水文、地温等观测数据，发现在冻土消融前期（春末），流域出口河水中DOC和DIC浓度较高但通量较低；在冻土消融后期（夏季），河水中DOC和DIC浓度较低但通量较高；河水中DOC和DIC浓度在消融后期总体呈下降趋势，但低流量期的浓度比高流量期略有上升.研究表明：对以红泥沟小流域为代表的季节冻土山区，消融前期溶解性碳输出的主控因素仍是冻土特征及动态，但在消融后期则变为水文输入特征主控，以细粒残坡积物为主的薄层含水层和广泛发育的冻融扰动地貌也对其有重要影响，导致河流中DOC浓度高于青藏高原其他地区的报道值.Abstract: Soil carbon storage in alpine regions is an important component of the global frost carbon pool. Lateral carbon export from terrestrial ecosystems to rivers in dissolved phase is an important pathway for soil carbon export from alpine catchments. Previous studies on dissolved carbon export from alpine catchments have focused on permafrost areas, and less attention has been paid to seasonal frost areas. To explore the patterns, influencing factors and mechanisms of dissolved carbon export through rivers in seasonal frost areas, we selected the Hongnigou catchment at the northern flank of the Qilian Mountains on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau as the study area, and we made continuous observations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations and fluxes in river water. Combining the observed data of stable isotope abundance in river water and meteorology, hydrology, and ground temperature in the catchment, it is found that: (1) during the early thawing period in late spring, the riverine DOC and DIC at the outlet of the catchment were high in concentration but low in flux; (2) during the late thawing period in summer, the riverine DOC and DIC were low in concentration but high in flux; and (3) both DOC and DIC concentrations in the river showed an overall decreasing trend in summer, but slightly increased during low flow periods compared to high flow periods. The study shows that for the alpine catchments underlaid by seasonal frost, represented by the Hongnigou catchment, the dissolved carbon export is mainly influenced by frost characteristics and dynamics during the early thawing period. However, during the late thawing period in summer, it becomes dominated by hydrological input characteristics. During this period, the thin aquifers consisting mainly of fine-grained residual deposits and the widespread freeze-thaw disturbed landforms also have significant impacts, resulting in a higher riverine DOC concentration than that reported in other areas of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.
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图 1 红泥沟小流域在青藏高原的位置（a）以及小流域内采样点和监测点的位置（b）
Fig. 1. Maps showing the location (a) of the Hongnigou catchment on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the monitoring and sampling sites (b) in the Hongnigou catchment
图 2 2012年9月~2013年8月红泥沟小流域山坡顶部（a、b）、中部（c、d）和河岸带（e、f）不同深度处土壤温度随时间的变化
Fig. 2. Time series of soil temperature at different depths at the top (a, b), middle (c, d) and bottom (e, f) of a slope in the Hongnigou catchment from September 2012 to August 2013
图 3 不同时期红泥沟小流域内河水、土壤水和降水的δ18O-δ2H关系（a、c、d）及其统计值（b）
Fig. 3. The δ18O and δ2H relationships (a, c, d) and their means and standard deviations (b) of stream water, soil water and precipitation in the Hongnigou catchment during different periods
图 4 红泥沟小流域出口河道径流量、河水水化学和同位素组成的动态变化
Fig. 4. Time series of stream discharge and the hydrochemical and isotopic compositions of stream water at the outlet of the Hongnigou catchment
图 5 红泥沟小流域出口河流流量与河水中DOC、DIC及TDS浓度间的关系
Fig. 5. Relationships between solute concentration and discharge at the outlet of the Hongnigou catchment for DOC, DIC and TDS
图 6 红泥沟小流域DOC、DIC输出通量的动态变化及其与河流流量的关系
Fig. 6. Time series of DOC and DIC export fluxes from the Hongnigou catchment and their relationships with stream discharge
图 7 红泥沟小流域河岸带内因土壤冻结“排盐”所导致的地表盐分聚积现象（摄于2013年4月）
Fig. 7. Pictures showing the salt accumulation on ground surface in the riparian zone of the Hongnigou catchment caused by salt exclusion during the soil re-freezing (taken in April 2013)
表 1 土壤温度监测剖面的位置及监测深度
Table 1. Location and monitoring depths of three soil temperature monitoring profiles
土壤温度监测剖面 海拔
（m）土壤温度监测深度
（cm）T1（山坡顶部） 3 172 20、40、60、80、120、160、260 T2（山坡中部） 3 159 20、40、60、80、120、160、240 T3（山坡底部河岸带） 3 144 20、40、60、80、120、160、200 
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表 2 红泥沟小流域出口河水水化学及溶解性碳输出的统计特征
Table 2. Statistical characteristics of stream water chemistry and dissolved carbon export at the outlet of the Hongnigou catchment
参数 单位 消融前期（2013年5月9日至6月1日） 消融后期（2013年7月5日至9月21日） 最小值 最大值 平均值±
标准差最小值 最大值 平均值±
标准差δ2H ‰ ‒40.45 ‒29.19 ‒34.53±2.71 ‒37.90 ‒21.25 ‒30.03±2.67 δ18O ‰ ‒6.81 ‒4.83 ‒5.90±0.48 ‒6.60 ‒4.85 ‒5.77±0.37 TDS mg/L 2 743.67 4 106.81 3 387.07±348.87 1 147.41 3 128.59 2 167.64±491.50 DOC mg/L 9.19 19.48 15.23±2.30 7.46 14.78 12.52±1.13 DOC
通量kgC/d 0.38 13.49 3.69±3.58 5.83 49.21 18.00±10.66 DIC mg/L 102.70 190.31 160.74±19.78 82.09 167.42 125.98±13.97 DIC
通量kgC/d 4.96 155.41 38.34±39.89 59.22 436.38 175.94±96.56 δ13CDIC ‰ ‒7.55 ‒5.94 ‒6.78±0.41 ‒9.22 ‒5.27 ‒8.00±0.63
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