Characteristics and Controlling Effect on Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Fractures in Yanchang Formation in Zhidan-Wuqi Area, Western Ordos Basin
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地西部延长组发育大量裂缝，裂缝的存在对致密油甜点具有良好的指示作用.以鄂尔多斯盆地西部志丹-吴起地区延长组致密油储层为例，利用大量岩心、薄片、古地磁、测井、产能数据及数值模拟方法，系统研究了致密油储层裂缝发育特征及其控藏模式.结果表明，延长组主要发育垂直裂缝，根据裂缝砂岩厚度制定了裂缝发育程度分类标准；同时，结合裂缝与砂体、构造、油藏的耦合关系及油藏生产现状，系统总结了裂缝对油藏的控制作用.裂缝为延长组致密油藏运聚中良好的疏导体系；河道交汇或转向区域水流能量相对增强，砂岩分选好、脆性大，裂缝发育且利于成藏；低幅构造高点及鼻状隆起区裂缝发育且利于成藏；裂缝带与砂体走向关系耦合形成“平行砂体疏导”裂缝甜点区；裂缝主要发育于中小厚度细砂岩中，累积砂体厚度主要分布在5~15 m范围内；从砂体部位来看，裂缝主要发育于主河道翼部，其与翼部砂体粒度、颗粒可压实空间及厚度变小有关.Abstract: A large number of fractures are developed in the Yanchang Formation in the western Ordos Basin, and the existence of fractures has a good indication of tight oil sweet spots. In this paper, taking the tight oil reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation in the Zhidan-Wuqi region of the Ordos Basin as an example, a large amount of core, thin section, logging, paleomagnetism, productivity data and numerical simulation methods are used to systematically study the development characteristics and control of tight oil fractures in the study area. The research results show that the Yanchang Formation mainly develops vertical fractures, and the classification standard for the degree of fracture development is established according to the thickness of the fractures. Combining the coupling relationship between fractures and sand bodies, structures, and reservoirs and the current status of reservoir production, the fracture-controlling action for oil is clarified. It is believed that the regional fractures provide a good drainage system for the Yanchang Formation tight oil reservoirs; the river convergence or diversion areas are repeatedly washed by river water, the sandstone is well sorted, brittle, and the fractures are well developed and are conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation; the low-amplitude structural high points and nose-like uplift areas have developed fractures and are conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation; the relationship between the fracture zone and the strike of the sand body is coupled to form a "parallel drainage" fracture sweet spot; the fractures are mainly developed in the medium and low thickness fine sandstone, and the cumulative thickness of the sand body is mainly distributed in the range of 5-15 m; from the point of view of the location of the sand body, the fractures are mainly developed in the wings of the main channel, which is related to the reduction of the particle size, compaction space and thickness of the sand bodies in the wings.
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Key words:
- low-amplitude structure /
- fracture /
- sedimentation /
- structure /
- sweet spot /
- tight oil /
- petroleum geology
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图 2 研究区延长组露头及岩心裂缝发育特征
a.安沟延长组油苗，垂直裂缝，裂缝面上有大量油迹，坐标N36.51°、E110.22°；b.Y699井，1 833.6 m，高角度裂缝，长6；c.J41井，1 705.6 m，垂直裂缝，长6；d.T338井，615.2 m，垂直裂缝，长6；e. 4548-3井成像测井裂缝，长8
Fig. 2. Development characteristics of outcrops and core fractures of Yanchang Formation in the study area
图 3 F899井长6段测井曲线与岩心识别裂缝之间的关系
R0.5、R2.5及R4.0为不同测深的视电阻率测井；RILD及RILM分别为深感应及中感应测井
Fig. 3. Relationship between logging curves and developed core fractures in the Chang 6 Member of Well F899
图 4 研究区延长组致密砂岩微裂缝发育特征
a.Y491井，1 731.46 m，粒间孔及粒间溶蚀孔；b.Y669井，1 839.71 m，长石溶孔；c.F808井，1 954.15 m，粒间孔及填隙物溶蚀孔；d.F668井，1 857.87 m，微裂缝；e.D4578井，2 244.80 m，微裂缝；f.Y491井，1 731.76 m，粒间孔、长石溶孔及微裂缝
Fig. 4. Development characteristics of microfractures in tight sandstone of Yanchang Formation in the study area
图 5 D4578井古地磁定向实验结果
a、b. Lc12及Lc13样品的退磁曲线；c.古地磁定向裂缝方位
Fig. 5. Test results of paleomagnetic orientation experiments in Well D4578
图 7 F758井测井参数垂向分布特征
Fig. 7. The vertical distribution characteristics of logging parameters in Well F758
图 8 研究区长8段裂缝型及基质型(裂缝不发育)致密砂岩储层的物性特征
Fig. 8. Petrophysical properties of fracture-type and matrix-type (no fractures) tight sandstone reservoirs in Chang 8 Member in the study area
图 9 裂缝空间展布与油井产能的匹配关系
Fig. 9. Matching relationship between the spatial distribution of fractures and the productivity of oil wells
图 10 W区块长81砂体展布、裂缝砂岩厚度及油藏关系图
Fig. 10. Relationship diagram of Chang 81 sandbody, fracture and oil reservoir in W Block
图 11 W区块长81顶面低幅构造、裂缝砂岩厚度及油藏关系图
Fig. 11. Relationship among low-amplitude structures, fractures and reservoirs on the top of Chang 81 in Block W
图 12 W区块长81裂缝平面分布及裂缝“甜点区”预测
Fig. 12. Plane distribution of fractures in Chang 81 and the prediction of fracture "sweet spots" in Block W
图 13 研究区延长组致密油储层裂缝控藏模式(改自肖承钰等，2015)
Fig. 13. Hydrocarbon accumulation mode of fractures in tight oil reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation in the study area (modified after Xiao et al., 2015)
图 14 研究区延长组裂缝发育规模与层厚关系
Fig. 14. Relationship between fracture development strength and layer thickness of Yanchang Formation in the study area
表 1 致密砂岩微尺度裂缝类型划分方案(据Laubach, 1997)
Table 1. Classification scheme of microfractures in tight sandstone (Laubach, 1997)
类型 特征 长度 形态 分布 范围 Ⅰ型(延伸型) 孤立的；较为平直(剪性)或扭曲(张性)；
局部可有多组平行集μm~mm，可穿过多个颗粒 纵横比约为10‒3~10‒4的
透镜状所有
地层区域性 Ⅱ型(网络型) 曲线形态；相交；辐射状 与颗粒尺寸相当或
小于颗粒尺寸透镜状或角状或不规则状 所有
地层局部 Ⅲ型(继承型) 颗粒内部较为孤立；尖灭于颗粒内部或颗粒边缘 与颗粒尺寸相当或小于
颗粒尺寸扁平状或没有固定形态 所有
地层局部 
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表 2 研究区延长组裂缝发育程度标准
Table 2. Fracture development standard of Yanchang Formation in the study area
裂缝等级 裂缝砂岩厚度 主要裂缝类型 裂缝形态 Ⅰ类裂缝 > 1.5 m 小尺度裂缝 垂直裂缝 Ⅱ类裂缝 0.5~1.5 m Ⅲ类裂缝 0~0.5 m 微尺度裂缝 延伸型微裂缝 非裂缝 0 m 无 无
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