Hydrochemical Characteristics Constraints on Evolution of Geothermal Water in Guantang Area on the East Coast of Hainan Island
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摘要: 地热水资源的形成与演化过程认识是区域地热资源科学合理开发利用的重要基础.运用水化学及同位素分析方法，结合区域地质构造特征，系统揭示了海南东海岸官塘地区地热水水化学特征、地热储温度以及补给来源，构建了官塘地区地热水循环演化概念模型.研究结果表明：该区地热水水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Na型，其组分主要来源于硅酸盐矿物溶解及深部CO2等气体；地热水主要受到大气降水补给，补给海拔约为1 122.2~1 569.4 m，并且地热水上升过程中与浅部地下水之间存在较为显著的混合作用.在考虑混合和蒸汽损失的条件下，深部地热水与冷水混合前蒸汽损失的质量百分比约为18.2%~25.2%，地热水温度为190.4~217.8 ℃，冷水混合比例可达到66.8%~80.8%.该地区地热水开发程度逐年提高，导致地热水水位大幅下降，使得浅部冷水补给量增大，这可能是造成该地区开采地热水温度下降的关键影响因素.Abstract: The understanding of the formation and evolution of geothermal water is an important basis for the scientific and rational utilization of regional geothermal resources. In this paper, the hydrochemical characteristics, geothermal storage temperature and recharge source of geothermal water in Guantang area on the east coast of Hainan were systematically revealed by using hydrochemical and isotopic analysis methods combined with regional geological structure characteristics, and a conceptual model of geothermal water cycle evolution in Guantang area was constructed. The results show that the hydrochemistry of geothermal water was mainly HCO3·SO4-Na type, and its components mainly came from silicate mineral dissolution and deep gas components. Geothermal water was mainly originated from meteoric precipitation, and the recharge area was most likely located at the altitude of 1 122.2-1 569.4 m. There was a significant mixing effect between geothermal water and shallow groundwater. Under the condition of steam loss before mixing, the mass percentage of steam loss from geothermal water was 18.2%-25.2%, and the initial temperature of geothermal water was 190.4-217.8 ℃, and the mass percentage of cold water mixing to geothermal water was 66.8%-80.8%. The geothermal water level decreased greatly with the increasing geothermal water exploration in this area in recent decades, so the increase of shallow groundwater supply may be the crucial process resulting in the decrease of geothermal water temperature in this area.
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图 1 官塘地热田位置、区域地质条件及采样点分布
Fig. 1. Location of Guantang geothermal field, regional geological conditions, and distribution of sampling sites
图 2 地表水、地下水及地热水水化学统计特征
Fig. 2. Hydrochemical statistical characteristics of the surface water, groundwater, and geothermal water
图 3 官塘地区地表水、地下水及地热水水化学Piper三线图
Fig. 3. Piper triangle diagram of the surface water, groundwater, and geothermal water in Guantang area
图 4 地表水、地下水与地热水HCO3-/Na+比值与Ca2+/Na+比值关系
Fig. 4. Relationship between HCO3-/Na+and Ca2+/ Na+ in the surface water, groundwater, and geothermal water
图 5 地表水、地下水与地热水中潜在阳离子交换过程分析
Fig. 5. Analysis of cation exchange processes in the surface water, groundwater, and geothermal water
图 6 地表水、地下水与地热水中氢氧同位素组成关系
Fig. 6. Plot of the stable oxygen (δ18O) vs stable hydrogen (δ2H) isotopic composition for the surface water, groundwater, and geothermal water
图 7 不同类型水样在25 ℃时硅酸盐矿物稳定性
Fig. 7. Stability diagrams of slicate minerals for water samples at 25 ℃
图 8 琼海官塘地区不同类型水样K-Na-Mg三线图
Fig. 8. K-Na-Mg trilinear equilibrium diagram of water samples in Guantang area
图 9 官塘地区不同温泉水样品的硅焓方程混合曲线模型
Fig. 9. Silica-enthalpy mixing curve model of the geothermal waters in Guantang area
图 10 考虑最大蒸汽损失的官塘地区地热水硅焓图
Fig. 10. Silica-enthalpy mixing curve model of the geothermal waters considering the maximum steam loss in Guantang area
图 11 海南岛东海岸官塘地区地热水循环演化过程概念模型
Fig. 11. Schematic hydrogeological section showing the proposed circulation model of thermal groundwater in Guantang area on the east coastal area of Hainan Island
表 1 官塘地区地热水、地下水及地表水水化学及同位素组成
Table 1. Hydrochemistry and isotopic composition of geothermal water, groundwater, and surface water in Guantang area
编号 样号 类型 温度(℃) pH TDS HCO3‒ K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl‒ F‒ SO42‒ NO3‒ H2SiO3 δ18O δ2H 水化学类型 （mg/L） （‰） 1 QHW01 地热水 48.5 8.4 585.0 188.0 6.2 155.0 4.6 0.0 26.6 22.2 124.0 0.1 134.0 ‒7.8 ‒47.1 HCO3·SO4‒Na 2 QHW02 49.5 8.3 517.9 126.0 5.9 140.0 5.1 0.1 22.4 19.3 99.3 0.2 145.0 ‒7.5 ‒47.3 HCO3·SO4‒Na 3 QHW03 40.4 8.6 571.3 164.0 6.0 154.0 5.0 0.2 67.5 20.7 84.0 0.2 135.0 ‒6.3 ‒43.3 HCO3·SO4·Cl‒Na 4 QGW01 地下水 29.4 5.6 140.1 15.0 7.7 14.6 15.8 3.0 19.6 0.1 17.7 17.3 16.1 ‒6.7 ‒42.6 Cl·SO4‒Na·Ca 5 QGW02 31.7 6.3 265.9 134.0 19.6 15.9 42.4 7.8 8.9 0.2 38.1 31.0 38.5 ‒6.0 ‒37.6 HCO3·SO4‒Ca 6 QGW03 31.0 6.4 293.2 15.0 8.2 24.3 48.7 7.4 21.8 0.2 31.6 41.3 25.2 ‒6.1 ‒37.8 SO4·Cl‒Ca·Na 7 QGW04 28.7 6.5 512.6 48.0 12.5 55.1 51.9 32.4 72.2 0.4 62.1 3.4 42.8 ‒5.4 ‒33.6 Cl·SO4‒Na·Ca·Mg 8 QGW05 27.0 4.1 170.4 63.0 9.8 8.1 14.5 6.2 14.1 0.3 10.1 80.1 10.0 ‒6.5 ‒47.2 HCO3·Cl‒Ca·Na·Mg 9 QGW06 28.8 6.0 338.5 16.0 11.0 28.8 52.0 5.6 51.6 0.1 22.0 74.2 34.9 ‒7.2 ‒46.0 Cl‒Ca·Na 10 QSW01 地表水 27.5 7.7 57.7 18.0 5.3 6.9 4.1 1.7 9.0 0.2 1.5 2.2 18.2 ‒4.2 ‒29.3 HCO3·Cl‒Na·Ca 11 QSW02 28.3 6.4 36.6 17.0 2.0 5.8 2.9 1.0 4.2 0.1 1.3 0.4 21.8 ‒5.6 ‒37.8 HCO3·Cl‒Na·Ca 12 QSW03 22.2 7.4 56.7 21.0 1.5 5.9 5.1 3.1 8.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 0.5 ‒4.7 ‒33.6 HCO3·Cl‒Na·Ca·Mg 
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表 2 地热水14C年龄计算校正结果
Table 2. Correction 14C dating results of geothermal water
样品编号 14CpMC δ13C（‰） 表观年龄（a） Vogel（a） Pearson（a） Tamers（a） Gonfiantinie（a） Mook（a） 平均值（a） 1 1.85±0.04 ‒9.2 32 050 31 140 24 721 26 813 25 747 27 222 27 129 2 8.19±0.07 ‒8.9 20 100 18 841 12 148 14 231 13 189 14 938 14 669 3 7.25±0.06 ‒8.1 21 694 19 849 12 478 14 581 13 519 15 944 15 274 注：14CpMC为现代碳元素百分比.
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表 3 琼海官塘地区不同水体中不同矿物的饱和指数
Table 3. Saturation Indices of minerals in the water samples in Guantang area
样号 方解石 白云石 硬石膏 石膏 玉髓 石英 滑石 萤石 盐岩 QHW01 0.10 ‒1.45 ‒2.76 ‒2.68 0.21 0.57 0.32 0.2 ‒7.02 QHW02 ‒0.06 ‒1.21 ‒2.75 ‒2.68 0.24 0.6 1.99 0.16 ‒7.13 QHW03 0.25 ‒0.57 ‒2.94 ‒2.80 0.28 0.66 3.14 0.27 ‒6.60 QGW01 ‒3.23 ‒6.79 ‒3.00 ‒2.80 ‒0.48 ‒0.06 ‒15.17 ‒4.40 ‒8.10 QGW02 ‒1.20 ‒2.71 ‒2.36 ‒2.17 ‒0.13 0.28 ‒8.15 ‒2.87 ‒8.43 QGW03 ‒2.03 ‒4.47 ‒2.37 ‒2.18 ‒0.30 0.11 ‒8.68 ‒2.78 ‒7.86 QGW04 ‒1.44 ‒2.71 ‒2.16 ‒1.96 ‒0.05 0.37 ‒5.40 ‒1.96 ‒6.99 QGW05 ‒4.18 ‒8.37 ‒3.36 ‒3.15 ‒0.66 ‒0.23 ‒24.35 ‒2.94 ‒8.51 QGW06 ‒2.35 ‒5.28 ‒2.54 ‒2.33 ‒0.14 0.28 ‒10.73 ‒3.39 ‒7.41 QSW01 ‒1.64 ‒3.29 ‒4.55 ‒4.34 ‒0.41 0.01 ‒3.36 ‒3.57 ‒8.74 QSW02 ‒3.09 ‒6.24 ‒4.76 ‒4.55 ‒0.34 0.08 ‒11.36 ‒4.33 ‒9.14 QSW03 ‒1.81 ‒3.53 ‒3.95 ‒3.72 ‒1.90 ‒1.46 ‒10.91 ‒4.72 ‒8.84
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