Effective Fracture Distribution and Its Influence on Natural Gas Productivity of Ultra-Deep Reservoir in Bozi-X Block of Kuqa Depression
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摘要: 为明确库车坳陷超深致密砂岩储层有效裂缝分布特征，基于古应力产生裂缝、现今应力影响裂缝有效性的原理，根据岩心资料和成像测井数据查明裂缝力学性质并拾取裂缝参数，通过构造恢复反演等效古应力、有限元方法预测现今应力场，并结合DFN离散裂缝网格建模，对库车坳陷克拉苏构造带博孜X区块超深致密砂岩储层裂缝进行预测.结果表明，博孜X气藏构造裂缝以未充填‒半充填的高角度剪切缝为主，局部发育小规模的张性裂缝，大多数裂缝形成于喜马拉雅晚期的快速强烈挤压作用；博孜地区地应力场从白垩纪到新近纪，随着北部力源传导的持续往南推进，应力高值呈现由北向南迁移的特点；博孜X气藏构造裂缝发育分布的非均质性极强，在北东部位的X104井区发育程度高，在南西部位的X103井区周围密度低，现今地应力对裂缝有效性影响显著，进而影响气井产能.博孜X区块裂缝形成受断层和褶皱共同控制，单从构造特征难以准确预测裂缝分布，而通过地质力学原理和方法预测裂缝具有较好的吻合度.在超深层储层，不能只通过孔隙度、储层厚度等因素来评价并预测气井产能的高低.Abstract: To clarify the characteristics of fracture distribution in ultra-deep and tight sandstone reservoir in Kuqa Depression, based on the principle of fracture generated by paleo-stress and fracture effectiveness affected by current in-situ stress, determine fracture mechanical properties and pick fracture parameters according to core data and FMI logging data, the present-day in-situ stress field is predicted by structural recovery inversion of equivalent paleo-stress and finite element method, and combined with DFN discrete fracture grid modeling, the fractures of ultra-deep and tight sandstone reservoir in Bozi-X Block of Kelasu structural belt in Kuqa Depression are predicted. The results show that the tectonic fractures of Bozi-X gas reservoir are mainly unfilled semi-filled high angle shear fractures, and small-scale tensile fractures are developed locally. The majority of natural fractures in the study area were formed by rapid and strong compression in the Late Himalayas. From the Cretaceous to Neogene, high stress values moved southwards in Bozi-X area due to the continuous southward advancement of force source. The heterogeneity of tectonic fracture development and distribution in Bozi-X gas reservoir is extremely obvious. The development degree is high in Well X104 area in the northeast and low around Well X103 area in the southwest. Current in-situ stress has a significant impact on fracture effectiveness, and then affects the productivity of gas wells. The formation of fractures in Bozi-X block is jointly controlled by faults and folds. It is difficult to accurately predict the distribution of fractures only from the structural characteristics, but the prediction of fractures by geomechanical principles and methods has a good coincidence. Gas production cannot be evaluated and predicted only by porosity and reservoir thickness.
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图 1 博孜X区块的构造位置(a)、典型构造剖面(b)和目的层顶面构造图及单井天然裂缝发育特征(c)
Fig. 1. Structural location (a), typical structural profiles (b), structure map of target layer and development characteristics of natural fractures (c) of Bozi-X Block
图 3 博孜X区块典型井的岩心和薄片裂缝特征
a. X13井，7 004.46 m，巴西改组，灰褐色细砂岩，可见斜交剪切缝和若干张性裂缝，方解石全充填；b. X102井，6 779.20 m，巴什基奇克组，红褐色中砂岩，可见未充填斜交剪切缝；c. X102井，6 760.80 m，巴什基奇克组，红褐色细砂岩，可见近垂直剪切缝，方解石半充填；d. X15井，4 751.00 m，巴西改组，灰褐色细砂岩，可见斜交剪切缝，未充填，开度约0.5 mm；e. X15井，4 750.80 m，巴西改组，灰褐色细砂岩，可见斜交剪切缝，方解石全充填，开度约2 mm；f. X15井，4 750.00 m，巴西改组，红褐色细砂岩，可见垂直缝，膏质全充填；g. X102-1井，6 906.12 m，巴西改组，红褐色细砂岩，可见微裂缝沿粒缘弯曲延伸，开度约0.1 mm；h. X101-2井，7 078.83 m，巴西改组，灰褐色含砂中砾岩，可见微裂缝贯穿颗粒延伸，缝内见泥质半充填，开度约0.1 mm；i. X103井，7 399.16 m，巴西改组，灰褐色含砾细砂岩，砾石内见硬石膏半充填的微裂缝，砾石边缘也具有微裂缝；j. X103井，7 399.10 m，巴西改组，灰褐色含砾细砂岩，粒内和粒缘均见微裂缝分布，粒内裂缝被方解石充填；k. X103井，7 399.35 m，巴西改组，灰褐色含砾细砂岩，可见粒内裂缝由硬石膏、方解石半充填，粒缘也发育微裂缝；l. X104-2井，7 005.50 m，巴西改组，灰褐色含砾细砂岩，砾石内及砾石边缘见微裂缝
Fig. 3. Core and thin section fracture characteristics of typical wells in Bozi X Block
图 4 博孜X区块成像测井的裂缝特征
a. X1-1井, 7 028~7 031 m, 巴什基奇克组, 一组近于平行的裂缝; b. X1-1井, 7 150~7 152 m, 巴西改组, 网状缝; c. X13井, 7 005~7 008 m, 巴西改组, 井壁非常碎裂, 可见一系列不同倾角裂缝; d. X104井, 6 941~6 943 m, 巴西改组, 高角度裂缝和中高角度裂缝组成的网状缝
Fig. 4. Fracture characteristics of FMI logging in Bozi-X Block
图 5 基于地质力学方法的裂缝预测技术路线
Fig. 5. Workflow of fracture prediction based on geomechanical method
图 6 博孜X区块目的层三维岩石力学参数分布
Fig. 6. Distribution of three-dimensional rock mechanical parameters of target layer in Bozi-X Block
图 7 不同地质历史时期构造模型和古应力分布
Fig. 7. Structural models and paleostress distribution in different geological historical periods
图 8 表征单元体内裂缝参数与应力的关系
a. σ1-σ2-σ3坐标轴下单元体内等效的裂缝形态分布；b. 沿σ2主轴垂直的横切面
Fig. 8. Relationship between fracture parameters and stress in the REV
图 10 临界应力裂缝假说示意图
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of critically-stressed-fracture hypothesis
图 11 博孜X气藏两口典型井的裂缝开启性模拟
a~c. X103井; d~f. X101-2井
Fig. 11. Fracture opening simulation of two typical wells in Bozi-X gas reservoir
图 12 现今地应力影响下的裂缝相关参数与气井产能的关系
Fig. 12. Relationship between fracture related parameters and gas well productivity under the influence of current in-situ stress
表 1 模型中使用的岩石力学参数
Table 1. Rock mechanical parameters used in the model
层位 $ \mathrm{岩}\mathrm{石}\mathrm{密}\mathrm{度} $（g/cm3） 杨氏弹性模量(GPa) $ \mathrm{泊}\mathrm{松}\mathrm{比} $ 孔隙度 N2k 2.26 10.72 0.24 0.12 N1‒2k 2.26 12.32 0.24 0.12 N1j 2.26 18.23 0.24 0.09 E1‒2km 2.08 5.82 0.31 0.11 K 非均质力学参数 0.06 K之下的基底 2.65 31.62 0.23 0.06 
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表 2 裂缝预测结果与实际统计结果的对比
Table 2. Comparison between fracture prediction results and statistical results
井点 井段(m) 井筒裂缝密度(条/m) 预测裂缝密度(条/m) 吻合度(%) X13 7 016~7 117 0.25 0.21 84.00 X1-1 7 008.5~7 210 0.47 0.40 85.11 X103 7 202~7 438 0.09 0.08 88.89 X101 6 913~7 150 0.42 0.36 85.71 X101-2 6 801~7 108 0.22 0.25 86.36 X102 6 737~6 950 0.38 0.41 92.11 X102-2 6 623~6 778 0.47 0.43 91.50 X104 6 748~6 930 0.60 0.50 83.33
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表 3 博孜X区块典型气井的基本参数和日产气量
Table 3. Basic parameters and daily gas production of typical gas wells in Bozi-X Block
井点 井段
(m)平均孔隙度
(%)裂缝密度
(条/m)裂缝面有效正应力(MPa) 裂缝剪正比 裂缝开启压力
(MPa/hm)日产气量
(104m3)X13 7 016~7 117 6.8 0.25 36.8 0.25 2 30.9 X1-1 7 008.5~7 210 8.0 0.47 36.2 0.33 1.89 28.6 X103 7 202~7 438 5.2 0.06 44.13 0.27 1.96 24.5 X101 6 913~7 150 6.6 0.22 39.9 0.23 1.92 16.2 X101-2 6 801~7 108 5.9 0.22 37.4 0.32 1.90 26.0 X102 6 737~6 950 6.7 0.21 45 0.23 1.92 10.6 X102-2 6 623~6 778 6.5 0.47 33.4 0.34 1.84 60.9 X104 6 748~6 930 6.7 0.54 34.7 0.33 1.77 51.4
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