Research Progress and Prospect of Failure Mechanism of Large Deep-Seated Creeping Landslides in Tibetan Plateau, China
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摘要: 大型深层蠕滑型滑坡在青藏高原怒江、澜沧江、金沙江、岷江等地形地貌和地质构造复杂区极为发育，具有规模大、滑带深、渐进变形破坏显著等特点，按照滑坡空间结构主要有后缘洼地蠕滑型、顺层基岩蠕滑型和厚层松散堆积物蠕滑型等3种类型，往往表现为长期蠕滑-间歇性复活-整体滑动.通过梳理大型深层蠕滑型滑坡稳定性影响因素、滑带土工程地质力学性质、地下水渗流场特征与降雨诱发滑坡滞后性以及渐进变形破坏机制和动态稳定性等4个方面的研究进展，提出了3个关键科学问题与4个主要研究方向.建议加强深层滑带土在渗流场-应力场等多场耦合作用下的工程地质力学特性研究、加强剖析滑坡岩土体的非均质渗透特性及地下水分布特征分析，研究不同雨强和历时条件下降雨有效入渗机理，研究大型深层蠕滑型滑坡的降水入渗响应过程和降水诱发滑坡变形的滞后性，提出基于渐进变形破坏的滑坡动态稳定性评价方法，为地质灾害早期判识和综合防范提供理论依据.Abstract: The large deep-seated landslides are extremely developed in the Tibetan Plateau with extremely complex topography and geological structures, such as the Nujiang River, Lancang River, Jinsha River and Minjiang River.The large deep-seated creeping landslides are characterized with large scale and volume, deep-buried sliding belt, and obvious progressive deformation characteristics, which are often manifested as long-term creeping-intermittent resurrection-overall sliding. According to the spatial structure of landslides, there are mainly three types: the trailing edge-pond creeping landslide, bedding rock creeping landslide, thick layer deposit creeping landslide. In this paper it analyzes the spatial structure and influencing factors of large-scale deep creeping landslides, the engineering geomechanical properties of landslide zone soils, the characteristics of groundwater seepage field and the hysteresis of rainfall-induced landslides, as well as the progressive deformation failure mechanism and dynamic stability. The research progress of large deep-seated creeping landslides has been analyzed, 3 key scientific issues and 4 main research contents are put forward. It is recommended to strengthen the study of deep sliding zone mechanical strength under the multi-field coupling periodic action of the seepage-consolidation-creep-slip, the analysis of the heterogeneous permeability characteristics of landslide rock and soil and groundwater distribution characteristics, the effective rainfall infiltration mechanism and gradual deformation and failure hysteresis law. It is necessary to study and put out a landslide stability evaluation method based on progressive deformation mechanism, which could provide an important theoretical basis for the geo-hazard early identification and comprehensive prevention.
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图 1 典型大型深层蠕滑型滑坡工程地质剖面图
Fig. 1. Engineering geological sections of typical large-scale deep-seated creeping landslides
图 2 青藏高原东部滑坡及典型深层蠕滑型滑坡分布（滑坡密度据全国地质灾害信息系统2016年数据制作）
BYB.巴颜喀拉块体；CDB.川滇块体；QTB.羌塘块体；LSB.拉萨块体；XSF.鲜水河断裂；GZF.甘孜-玉树断裂；ANF.安宁河断裂；LMF.龙门山断裂；HHF.红河断裂
Fig. 2. Geological hazards and typical deep-seated creeping landslide distribution map in the east of Tibetan plateau
图 3 周场坪和羊毛坪滑坡发育特征与剖面图
Fig. 3. Developmental characteristics and profiles of Zhouchangping and Yangmaoping landslides
图 4 西藏雄巴深层滑坡发育特征与剖面图
Fig. 4. Developmental characteristics and profiles of Xiongba deep-seated landslide, Tibet, China
图 5 102道班滑坡野外照片与工程地质剖面图
Fig. 5. Field photo and engineering geological profile of the 102 Daoban landslide
图 6 典型大型深层蠕滑型滑坡滑带特征图
a.夏藏滩滑坡106 m深层滑带, 据殷志强等(2016); b.累进变形滑带特征(据https://max.book118.com/html/2020/0925/8117060074003001.shtm)；c.白衣庵滑坡老滑带特征; d.万州安乐寺滑坡新滑带特征(据https://max.book118.com/html/2020/0925/8117060074003001.shtm); e.争岗滑坡滑带特征据张玉等(2011); f.江顶崖滑坡深层滑带钻孔揭露特征
Fig. 6. Sliding zone characteristics of typical large deep-seated creeping landslide
图 7 滑带土应力-位移曲线图（Skempton, 1985）
Fig. 7. The stress-displacement curve of the sliding belt soil (after Skempton, 1985)
图 9 降雨入渗过程中GA模型含水率剖面（据Green and Ampt, 1911修编）
Fig. 9. Water content profile of GA model during rainfall infiltration process (modified after Green and Ampt, 1911)
图 10 不同深度土的体积含水率与降雨量关系（据简文星等, 2013）
Fig. 10. Relationship between volumetric water content of soil at different depths and rainfall(after Jian et al., 2013)
图 11 甘肃舟曲江顶崖古滑坡区2009—2018年降雨量特征（据Guo et al., 2020）
Fig. 11. Rainfall characteristics from 2009 to 2018 of Jiangdingya ancient landslide in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province (after Guo et al., 2020)
图 12 大型深层蠕滑型滑坡变形阶段曲线（据许强, 2020；张永双等, 2020, 修编）
Fig. 12. Deformation stage curve of large deep-seated creeping landslide (Modified after Xu, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020)
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