Experimental Simulation of Fracture Evaluation Based on Borehole 3D Scanning Acoustic Imaging Using Scattered Waves
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摘要: 现有的远探测声波测井主要利用了反射波信息，这不利于井旁地层中裂缝的高分辨率成像，而基于散射波的探测方法才有可能获得更高分辨率的测量结果.提出一种三维散射声波远探测扫描成像方法及结合平面扫描成像和球面扫描成像的技术实现方案，采用薄铝板来模拟井旁地层裂缝，在大水面湖中开展了方位远探测声波测井水下物理模拟实验，用本文提出的反演成像技术处理了实验数据.数据处理结果表明，三维散射声波远探测扫描成像方法能够提高成像信噪比、分辨率和探测范围，较准确地估计井旁裂缝的径向距离、方位、倾角、尺度和深度等参数；与3D-STC和Beamforming方法相比，基于散射波的扫描成像方法不必假设回波信号为平面波，提高了井旁裂缝方位定位准确性.本文方法有望突破目前远探测声波测井技术的局限性，具有良好的应用前景.Abstract: Conventional borehole acoustic imaging mainly uses reflected waves, which is not conducive to high-resolution imaging of fractures in the formation beside wells, while it is possible to obtain higher-resolution measurements using detection methods based on scattered waves. The research presented in this paper develops an inversion method that uses scattered waves for borehole 3D acoustic imaging and proposes an implementation scheme that combines plane and spherical scanning imaging. Using thin aluminum plate to simulate formation fractures, the underwater physical simulation experiment of borehole azimuthal acoustic imaging was carried out in the lake, and the experiment data were processed by the inversion method proposed in this paper. The data processing results show that the proposed inversion method using scattered waves for borehole 3D acoustic imaging can improve the imaging signal-to-noise ratio, resolution, enhance the detection range, and accurately estimate the parameters such as radial distance, azimuth, dip angle, scale and depth of fractures. In contrast with the 3D slowness time coherence (STC) and beamforming methods, the proposed method does not assume that the echo signal is a plane wave, which improves the azimuth positioning accuracy of fractures. It is expected to break through the limitations of conventional borehole acoustic imaging and has great practical application potential.
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图 3 方位远探测声波测井仪器结构示意图，实验时采用相控线阵发射、方位接收工作模式
Fig. 3. Schematic of BAR, linear phased array radiation and azimuth reception used in the experiment
图 4 用于模拟裂缝的薄铝板
a. 尺寸为2.0 m×1.0 m；b. 尺寸为2.0 m×0.5 m
Fig. 4. Thin aluminum plate for simulating fractures
图 8 实验模型A的测量波形
图a为R1声波接收站的等源距波形，图b和图c为深度17.93 m处单炮数据的模拟裂缝回波部分，接收单元编号顺序为：先改变方位、后改变源距（图b），即R1E1~R1E8，R2E1~R2E8，…，R10E1~R10E8；先改变源距、后改变方位（图c），即R1E1~R10E1，R1E2~R10E2，…，R1E8~R10E8
Fig. 8. Waveforms in experimental model A
图 9 实验模型B的测量波形
图a为R1声波接收站的等源距波形，图b和图c为深度18.89 m处单炮数据的模拟裂缝回波部分，接收单元编号顺序为：先改变方位、后改变源距（图b），即R1E1~R1E8，R2E1~R2E8，…，R10E1~R10E8；先改变源距、后改变方位（图c），即R1E1~R10E1，R1E2~R10E2，…，R1E8~R10E8
Fig. 9. Waveforms in experimental model B
图 10 实验模型C的测量波形
图a为R1声波接收站的等源距波形，图b和图c为深度35.16 m处单炮数据的模拟裂缝回波部分，接收单元编号顺序为：先改变方位、后改变源距（图b），即R1E1~R1E8，R2E1~R2E8，…，R10E1~R10E8；先改变源距、后改变方位（图c），即R1E1~R10E1，R1E2~R10E2，…，R1E8~R10E8
Fig. 10. Waveforms in experimental model C
图 11 （a）实验模型A、（b）实验模型B和（c）实验模型C的平面扫描成像图
Fig. 11. Plane scanning imaging results of the experimental (a) model A, (b) model B and (c) model C
图 12 实验模型A的（a）球面扫描、（b）3D-STC、（c）Beamforming成像图和（d）方位定位曲线（归一化）
Fig. 12. (a) Spherical scanning, (b) 3D-STC, (c) beamforming imaging results and (d) azimuth normalized localization curves for the experimental model A
图 13 实验模型B的（a）球面扫描、（b）3D-STC、（c）Beamforming成像图和（d）方位定位曲线（归一化）
Fig. 13. (a) Spherical scanning, (b) 3D-STC, (c) beamforming imaging results and (d) azimuth normalized localization curves for the experimental model B
图 14 实验模型C的（a）球面扫描、（b）3D-STC、（c）Beamforming成像图和（d）方位定位曲线（归一化）
Fig. 14. (a) Spherical scanning, (b) 3D-STC, (c) beamforming imaging results and (d) azimuth normalized localization curves for the experimental model C
图 15 （a）实验模型A、（b）实验模型B、（c）实验模型C的多炮数据叠加成像图
Fig. 15. Multi-shot imaging results for the experimental (a) model A, (b) model B and (c) model C
图 16 （a）实验模型A、（b）实验模型B、（c）实验模型C的模拟裂缝成像轨迹
Fig. 16. Imaging trajectories of simulated fractures for the experimental (a) model A, (b) model B and (c) model C
表 1 平面定位结果
Table 1. Plane localization results
实验模型A 实验模型B 实验模型C（1号模拟裂缝/2号模拟裂缝） 径向距离r（m） 径向距离r（m） 径向距离r（m） 实际值 16.40 29.10 5.70/5.10 反演值 16.35 29.90 5.58/5.20 
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表 2 方位定位结果
Table 2. Azimuth localization results
实验模型A 实验模型B 实验模型C（1号模拟裂缝/2号模拟裂缝） 方位（o） 3dB角宽（o） 方位（o） 3dB角宽（o） 方位（o） 3dB角宽（o） 实际值 247 — 250 — 75/260 — Spherical Scanning 253 55 248 58 73/260 65/69 3D-STC 251 77 248 80 77/265 104/110 Beamforming 251 72 248 68 74/255 87/90
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表 3 模拟裂缝的轴向长度计算结果
Table 3. Axial lengths of simulated fractures
实验模型A 实验模型B 实验模型C（1号模拟裂缝/2号模拟裂缝） 轴向长度（m） 轴向长度（m） 轴向长度（m） 实际值 2.00 2.00 2.00/0.50 反演值 2.02 1.96 2.26/0.46
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