Geohazard Effect of Plate Suture Zone along Sichuan-Tibet Traffic Corridor
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摘要:
板块缝合带作为特殊类型的“断层”，其地质灾害效应是工程地质与灾害地质研究的重要内容，对工程建设具有重大现实意义.受特提斯洋复杂而漫长的构造演化制约，川藏交通廊道穿越了7条板块缝合带，但对其地质灾害效应的研究却鲜有涉及.为此，在搜集整理已有研究成果的基础上，结合野外地质调查和室内研究，简要分析了川藏交通廊道沿线板块缝合带的地质灾害效应，并探讨其内在机理.结果表明：板块缝合带地质灾害效应主要表现在塑造地貌、创造地形条件，劣化岩体、提供物质来源，控制地质灾害的分布和诱发地质灾害（链）等4方面.构造混杂岩因其复杂的地质演化过程和特殊的岩石类型与组合特征，使其天然具有易灾性，而板块缝合带就位过程中的构造运动是地质灾害效应的内生动力.板块缝合带的地质灾害效是贯穿于川藏交通廊道沿线板块缝合带构造演化过程中的内、外动力地质作用耦合的外在表现形式.板块缝合带地质灾害效应研究目前处于起步阶段，建议在加强基础地质与灾害地质精细化调查的基础上深化其认识；川藏交通建设工程应加强板块缝合带工程效应研究，加大地质灾害监测预警系统研发，以确保其安全施工与后期平稳运行.
Abstract:Plate suture zone, a special type of "fault", its geohazard effect is an indispensable content in the study of engineering geology and hazard geology, and has great practical significance for engineering construction. Constrained by the complex and long tectonic evolution of the Tethys Ocean, there are 7 plate suture zones along the Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor, but the study on their geohazard effect is rarely involved. Based on collecting and sorting out the existing research results, combined with field geological survey and laboratory research, in this paper it briefly analyzes the geohazard effect of plate suture zone along the Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor, and discusses its internal mechanism. The results show that the geohazard effect of plate suture zone is mainly reflected in four aspects, namely shaping landform, creating topographic conditions, degrading rock mass, providing material sources, controlling the distribution and inducing geohazards (chain). Tectonic mélange is of natural disaster prone because of its complicated geological evolution process and special lithologic type and assemblage characteristics, and the tectonic movement during the emplacement of plate suture zone is the endogenous driving force of geohazard effect. The geohazard effect of the plate suture zone is the external manifestation of the coupling of internal and external dynamic geological processes during the tectonic evolution of the plate suture zone along the Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor. The study on the geohazard effect of plate suture zone is at the initial stage, and it is suggested to deepen the understanding on the basis of detailed investigation of both basic geology and hazardous geology. For the construction of Sichuan-Tibetan traffic corridor, it is quite necessary to strengthen the research on engineering effect of plate suture zone and the research and development of geohazard monitoring and early warning system to ensure its safe construction and smooth operation.
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图 1 川藏交通廊道沿线与邻区地势
Fig. 1. Topographic map of Sichuan⁃Tibet traffic corridor and its adjacent areas
图 3 青藏高原大地构造单元区划(据许志琴等，2011修改)
Fig. 3. Tectonic units of Qinghai⁃Tibet plateau(modified from Xu et al., 2011)
图 5 川藏交通廊道沿线板块缝合带地形地貌特征
Fig. 5. Topography and geomorphology characteristics of plate suture zone along Sichuan⁃Tibet traffic corridor
图 6 川藏交通廊道沿线典型板块缝合带地质灾害分布
a.澜沧江缝合带（LCS）地质灾害分布；b.班公湖-怒江缝合带（BNS）地质灾害分布；c.帕隆藏布缝合带（PLS）地质灾害分布；d.金沙江缝合带（JSJS）地质灾害分布；▲.滑坡；■.崩塌；●.泥石流；地质底图引自成都地质矿产研究所（2003）和西藏自治区地质调查院（2007）
Fig. 6. Geohazard distribution map of typical plate suture zone along Sichuan⁃Tibet traffic corridor
图 8 川藏交通廊道沿线典型板块缝合带地质灾害运动方向玫瑰花图
a.澜沧江缝合带（LCS）崩塌主崩方向玫瑰花图；b.澜沧江缝合带（LCS）滑坡主滑方向玫瑰花图；c.金沙江缝合带（JSJS）崩塌主崩方向玫瑰花图；d.金沙江缝合带（JSJS）滑坡主滑方向玫瑰花图；数据源引自图 6缝合带边界内部的地质灾害点
Fig. 8. Rosette plots of geohazards' movement direction of typical plate suture zone along Sichuan⁃Tibet traffic corridor
图 9 板块缝合带诱发地质灾害(链)(据Fan et al.，2019)
Fig. 9. Geohazard (chain) triggered by plate suture zone(modified from Fan et al., 2019)
图 10 澜沧江缝合带(LCS)构造混杂岩岩性组合特征
a.构造混杂岩全景图；b.板岩，原岩为泥质砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩等；c.洋岛-海山大理化灰岩+绿泥石化玄武岩；d.绿泥石化玄武岩；e.硅质岩；f.大理化灰岩和绿泥石化玄武岩分界；g.千枚岩，原岩为泥质岩；h.千枚岩风化形成的岩石碎片、碎块；β.玄武岩；mb.大理岩化灰岩；sl.板岩；qz.硅质岩；ph.千枚岩
Fig. 10. Lithologic assemblage characteristics of tectonic mélange within LCS
图 11 逆断层形成机制及相关结构面分布
图据Jones（1942）；a.逆断层应力状态；b.上、下盘运动示意图；c.标志层错动示意图；d.应力迹线图及视断层分布图；e.逆断层派生结构面示意图；f.逆断层应变椭球体及伴生结构面示意图
Fig. 11. Forming mechanism of reverse fault and distribution map of related structural plane
图 12 挤压应力改造岩体结构实例
a.班公湖-怒江缝合带（BNS）右侧沿原生层理S0发育的小褶皱及派生拉张轴面劈理S1；b.班公湖-怒江缝合带（BNS）右侧花岗岩中发育的3组结构面将岩体切割为菱面体碎块；c.班公湖-怒江缝合带（BNS）内花岗片麻岩中发育的劈理S1切割岩体为板状碎块；d~e.班公湖-怒江缝合带（BNS）千枚岩中千枚理S1与“X”型共轭剪节理S2、S3将岩石切割为菱形碎片；f.澜沧江缝合带（LCS）右侧侏罗系红层中劈理面S1构造置换原生层理S0，形成铅笔构造，将岩石切割为极为破碎的短柱状块体；g.板理S1及卸荷裂隙S2切割板岩为碎片；h.板岩中发育的板理、剪节理和卸荷裂隙将岩石切割为碎片在原地或近原地堆积形成松散的残、坡积物；i.雅鲁藏布江缝合带（IYS）左侧某支沟中的酸性火山岩经构造破碎后叠加后期冰川刨蚀、搬运形成的大量松散冰碛物堆积
Fig. 12. Example of rock mass structure modified by compressive stress
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