Interannual Change Control Mechanism of Carbon Flux in Inland River Basins in Cold and Arid Regions
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摘要: 为了解寒旱区内陆河流域碳通量的年际变化及其控制机制，使用涡度相关技术和气象观测系统同步对黑河流域典型生态系统（草地、农田、湿地、荒漠、森林）的碳通量和气象环境要素进行了长期定位观测.分析观测数据显示：黑河流域内农田（玉米）生长季净生态系统生产力（NEP）与总初级生产力（GPP）最大（729.81 g C/m2/a与1 184.60 g C/m2/a），戈壁荒漠最小（94.18 g C/m2/a与134.97 g C/m2/a）；湿地生长季生态系统呼吸（Reco）最大（460.22 g C/m2/a），戈壁荒漠最小（41.18 g C/m2/a）.黑河上游高寒生态系统温度对NEP、GPP和Reco年际变化的解释度明显高于黑河中下游干旱生态系统，而上游高寒生态系统土壤水分对NEP、GPP和Reco年际变化的解释度低于中下游干旱生态系统.在上游的高寒生态系统中，各站点间温度与NEP、GPP和Reco为正相关，而在中下游则为负相关.浅层土壤水分在黑河流域内高寒区和干旱区均与生态系统的NEP、GPP和Reco为正相关，上游高寒区浅层土壤水分与NEP、GPP和Reco的相关性要高于深层土壤水分，而中下游干旱区则是深层土壤水分与NEP、GPP和Reco的相关性更高.Abstract: In order to understand the interannual variation and control mechanism of carbon fluxes in inland river basins in cold and arid regions, an integrated watershed-scale flux observing network has been constructed for the main ecosystems in the Heihe River basin, including alpine ecosystems in the upper reaches and arid ecosystems in the lower reaches. The observed data analysis indicates that the annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and annual gross primary productivity (GPP) were the largest at the cropland site (maize, 729.81 g C/m2/a and 1 184.60 g C/m2/a) and the smallest at the Gobi desert site (94.18 g C/m2/a and 134.97 g C/m2/a) in the Heihe River basin. As to the annual ecosystem respiration (Reco), the wetland ecosystem was the largest (460.22 g C/m2/a), and the Gobi desert ecosystem was the smallest (41.18 g C/m2/a). The explaining capacity of the temperature to GPP, NEP and Reco inter-annual variability is higher in the alpine ecosystems than that in the arid ecosystems. In comparison, the explaining capacity of the soil moisture to GPP, NEP and Reco inter-annual variability is lower in the alpine ecosystems than that in the arid ecosystems. In the upper reaches, GPP, NEP and Reco are positively correlated with GPP, NEP, Reco among sites, but the opposite is true in the middle and down reaches. The shallow soil moisture is positively correlated with NEP, GPP and Reco among all sites in the Heihe River basin. In the upstream, shallow soil moisture is more closely correlated with NEP, GPP and Reco than deep soil moisture, but the deep soil moisture is more closely correlated with NEP, GPP and Reco than shallow soil moisture in the middle and lower reaches.
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图 1 黑河流域通量观测站点分布
Fig. 1. The distribution map of observation sites in the Heihe River basin
图 2 各生态系统生长季平均气温（Ta，℃）、土壤温度（Ts，℃）、辐射（Rg，W/m2）逐年变化（所有站点按气温从小到大依次排列，主要纵坐标为温度，次纵坐标为Rg）
Fig. 2. The growing season average temperature (Ta, ℃), soil temperature (Ts, ℃), and radiation (Rg W/m2) of each ecosystem (all stations are arranged in ascending order of temperature, the main ordinate is temperature, and the second ordinate is Rg)
图 3 生态系统不同深度土壤水分（Ms，%）年际变化
Fig. 3. Annual variations of soil moisture (Ms, %) at different depths in the ecosystem
图 4 黑河流域各生态系统NEP、GPP与Reco的年际动态
Fig. 4. Interannual variations of NEP, GPP and Reco in ecosystems in the Heihe River basin
图 5 黑河流域各生态系统年均碳通量分布状况
Fig. 5. Distributions of annual average carbon fluxes at various stations in the Heihe River basin
图 6 黑河流域环境因子空间变化及其对碳通量决定性
YK（4 148 m）、DSL（3 739 m）、AR（3 033 m）、DM（1 556 m）、SD（1 460 m）、HZZ（1 731 m）、SDQ（873 m）、HHL（874 m）、HM（1 053 m），主要纵坐标为碳通量与环境因子的R2，次坐标为环境因子多年平均值
Fig. 6. Spatial variation of environmental factors in the Heihe River basin and its decisiveness to carbon flux
图 7 黑河流域环境因子对碳通量的控制机制
以海拔2 500 m分为两个生态系统： > 2 500 m为高寒生态系统， < 2 500 m为干旱生态系统；符号*表示0.05的统计显著性水平
Fig. 7. The control mechanism of environmental factors on carbon flux in the Heihe River basin
表 1 各生态系统环境因子和碳通量的年际变异IAV
Table 1. Interannual variability IAV and of environmental factors and carbon fluxes in each ecosystem
变量 上游 中游 下游 YK DSL AR DM SD HZZ SDQ HHL HM Ta(℃) 0.51 0.61 0.56 0.8 0.44 0.48 0.35 2.06 0.55 Ts(℃) 0.53 0.64 1.24 1.19 1.06 0.67 1.75 2.74 0.57 Rg(W/m2) 27.48 10.45 5.96 9.82 6.65 4.35 6.14 14.63 5.38 Ms-20 cm(%) 4.9 2.27 1.23 6.74 2.84 1.94 1.37 1.35 Ms -40 cm(%) 5.25 2.68 0.96 6.41 0.63 1.63 3.46 1.08 Ms -80 cm(%) 1.11 3.6 0.18 7.89 0.43 1.24 3.59 0.8 Ms -120 cm(%) 1.41 5.07 0.23 10.22 2.52 4.74 1.26 NEP(g C/m2/a) 19.77 33.92 81.74 55.42 177.67 44.31 93.03 84.13 43.34 GPP(g C/m2/a) 13.12 31.15 81.03 69.57 233.45 43.6 166.63 102.56 71.7 Reco(g C/m2/a) 16.97 44.39 116.46 43.61 129.65 32.7 127.66 85.47 36.06 注：生态系统碳通量的年际变异（IAV，以标准差表示）. 
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表 2 各生态系统环境因子和碳通量的变异系数CV
Table 2. Coefficient of variation CV of environmental factors and carbon fluxes in each ecosystem
变量 上游 中游 下游 YK DSL AR DM SD HZZ SDQ HHL HM Ta 0.20 0.13 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.02 Ts 0.13 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.02 Rg 0.11 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 Ms -20 cm 0.16 0.08 0.04 0.22 0.15 0.05 0.13 0.27 Ms -40 cm 0.18 0.09 0.04 0.21 0.04 0.04 0.22 0.20 Ms -80 cm 0.08 0.18 0.02 0.21 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.15 Ms-120 cm 0.16 0.22 0.03 0.30 0.08 0.40 0.17 NEP 0.25 0.17 0.30 0.08 0.31 0.52 0.41 0.27 0.46 GPP 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.23 0.34 0.25 0.15 0.53 Reco 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.10 0.28 0.79 0.29 0.24 0.88 注：生态系统碳通量的变异系数（CV，以标准差除平均值表示）.
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表 3 黑河流域内生态系统环境因子与碳通量的相关性
Table 3. Correlation coefficients between environmental factors and carbon fluxes in ecosystems in the Heihe River basin
变量 上游 中游 下游 YK DSL AR DM SD HZZ SDQ HHL HM NEP Ta ‒0.97*** ‒0.83** 0.50* 0.32 ‒0.29 0.37 ‒0.10 ‒0.32 0.61* Ts ‒0.92** ‒0.66* 0.60* 0.05 ‒0.39 0.24 0.44* ‒0.38 0.59* Rg 0.26 0.50* 0.18 0.36 0.37 0.60* 0.54* Ms_20 cm 0.40 0.48 0.43 0.12 0.66* 0.36 0.35 0.76** Ms_40 cm 0.20 0.48 0.43 0.29 0.51* 0.09 0.07 0.96** Ms_80 cm 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.36 0.47 0.29 0.26 0.88* Ms_120 cm 0.27 0.31 0.39 0.29 0.41 0.38 0.83* GPP Ta 0.40 ‒0.10 0.49 0.31 0.48 0.45 0.30 ‒0.40 0.64* Ts 0.18 ‒0.26 0.46 0.17 ‒0.65* 0.55* 0.55* ‒0.43 0.61* Rg 0.54 0.60* 0.21 0.46 0.67* 0.70** 0.47 Ms_20 cm 0.07 0.17 0.51* 0.14 0.62* 0.46 0.50 0.81* Ms_40 cm 0.12 0.17 0.49 0.14 0.63* 0.24 0.20 0.93* Ms_80 cm 0.17 0.24 0.47 0.17 0.78** 0.31 0.15 0.81* Ms_120 cm 0.25 0.17 0.49 0.12 0.43 0.36 0.86* Reco Ta 0.80 0.54 0.66 0.02 0.71* 0.24 0.30 ‒0.40 0.56* Ts 0.77 0.37 0.52 0.05 ‒0.64* 0.12 0.55* ‒0.31 0.61* Rg ‒0.03 0.20 0.43 0.36 0.37 0.70* 0.54* Ms_20 cm 0.07 ‒0.26 0.39 0.14 0.20 0.50 0.15 0.69* Ms_40 cm 0.20 ‒0.26 0.36 0.14 0.46 0.24 0.27 0.79** Ms_80 cm 0.07 ‒0.10 0.37 0.17 0.54* 0.20 0.39 0.61* Ms_120 cm 0.27 ‒0.37 0.38 0.17 0.47 0.39 0.76** 注：表中数字为Spearman相关系数；P≥0.05无显著性标记，0.01 < P < 0.05标记为*；0.001 < P≤0.01标记为**；P≤0.001标记为***.
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表 4 不同环境因子对碳通量的控制解释度
Table 4. Control interpretability of different environmental factors on carbon flux
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