Large-Scaled Structure-Alteration-Mineralization Mapping of the Hydrothermal Deposits: Basic Principle and Precautions
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摘要: 热液矿床超大比例尺填图是指1∶1 000以及更大比例尺的填图，主要用来记录矿区内露头、平硐、钻孔和手标本上等肉眼可直接观察到的各类地质现象.热液矿床超大比例尺填图的目的是查明成矿作用的地质特征、空间分布和时间演化，对于准确判断热液矿床的成因类型和成矿过程，以及圈定矿体和布置勘探工程等实践活动具有重要意义.在实际工作中，初学者由于对热液矿床的复杂现象不知如何下手，对于“填什么”和“如何填”等问题不甚清楚.鉴于此，(1)从基本原理出发，重点阐述了热液矿床构造、流体、蚀变和矿化形成过程，提出“成矿流体+新鲜围岩→围岩蚀变+矿石”这一热液矿床形成的通用性公式，并提出“构造→骨骼”和“蚀变→血肉”的类比；(2)重点介绍了热液矿床超大比例尺填图过程中一些长期被忽略的问题，如，成矿环境判别、成矿流体通道与圈闭、热液充填与交代成矿作用以及脉体穿插与成矿期次判别等.同时，对这些地质现象背后隐藏的成因启示做了重点阐释.Abstract: Large-scale mapping of the hydrothermal deposits refers to the geological mapping with the scales of 1∶1 000 and the larger scales, which is mainly used to record various geological phenomena that can be directly observed with the naked eye, such as outcrops, flat tunnels, boreholes and hand specimens in the mining area. The purpose of large-scale mapping is to identify the metallogenic characteristics, spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the hydrothermal deposits, which are useful for accurately constraining the genetic type and metallogenic process of hydrothermal deposits, as well as assisting further prospecting and exploration. In the field survey, the beginners do not know how to describe and record the complex phenomena of the hydrothermal deposits, and they are also not very clear about what to fill and how to map. To address these issues, we try to weaken the genetic type of the ore deposit from the basic principle, focusing on the formation process of the structure, fluid, alteration and mineralization of the hydrothermal deposit, and propose "ore-forming fluid + fresh wall rock → wall rock alteration + ore" as a universal formula for the formation of hydrothermal deposits, and puts forward the analogies of "structure → skeleton" and "alteration → flesh". In addition, we focus on some long-ignored aspects in the process of large-scale mapping of hydrothermal deposits, such as identification of metallogenic environment, ore-forming fluid channels and traps, hydrothermal filling and metasomatism, and identification of vein cross-cutting, etc. Furthermore, we eventual focus is on explaining the hidden genetic inspiration behind these geological phenomena.
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图 2 热液矿床形成的基本原理(A+B→C+D)
Fig. 2. Basic principle for formation of the hydrothermal deposits(A+B→C+D)
图 3 热液矿床形成的构造条件
a~c. 3种拉开成矿空间的构造，分别是伸展、水平剪切和垂向剪切；d. 同一应力场形成的挤压和伸展构造；e.断层脉；f.伸展脉
Fig. 3. Structural condition for formation of the hydrothermal deposits
图 4 热液矿床常见的围岩蚀变组合及指示的成矿条件(据Corbett and Leach, 1998修改)
Fig. 4. Mineral assemblages and their forming condition of alteration in the hydrothermal deposits (modified after Corbett and Leach, 1998)
图 5 热液矿床主要矿物沉淀的控制因素
a.脉石矿物石英溶解度与深度和温度的相图(据Barnes，2015修改)；b.不同pH和Eh条件下，热液中硫的稳定区间(据Barnes，2015修改)；c.铜、金和锌的溶解度与温度的关系(据Corbett and Leach, 1998修改)；d.铜、金和锌的溶解度与酸碱度的关系(据Corbett and Leach, 1998修改)
Fig. 5. Controls on mineral precipitation in the hydrothermal deposits
图 6 热液矿床中流体通道与流体圈闭的示意图
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of fluid channels and traps in the hydrothermal deposits
图 7 热液矿床中充填成矿作用和交代成矿作用的示意
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of infilling and replacement mineralization in the hydrothermal deposits
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