A Knowledge Graph Construction Method for Geohazard Chain for Disaster Emergency Response
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摘要: 知识图谱是形式化描述实体及其相互关系的知识系统，其在应急救灾、时空预测决策等方面发挥着重要的作用.灾害应急领域面临数据骤增而应急关键知识匮乏问题，由此从灾害链角度分析地质灾害发展过程中关联的诸多要素，提出了一种自顶向下和自底向上结合的地质灾害链知识图谱构建方法.首先，基于灾害链角度对地质灾害间复杂形成机理及成链规律进行分析，在已有地质灾害知识基础上，基于自顶向下方法建立了统一的用于信息抽取的地质灾害链本体语义表达框架，包括描述地质灾害知识体系的地质灾害事件本体、承载地质灾害发生的地质环境本体、受地质灾害作用下的地理对象本体及地质灾害在灾前、灾中和灾后时空过程中对应的应急处置方法本体；其次，结合自底向上方法构建数据层，通过知识融合、知识存储对概念、实例与属性等要素及其关联关系进行识别；最后以汶川地震为例并对知识图谱进行可视化表达.结果表明，本方法能有效地对四类要素及其关系进行识别，实现了数据-信息-知识的转换，为地质灾害领域的知识图谱构建提供技术参考.Abstract: Knowledge graph is a knowledge system that formally describes entities and their interrelationships, and it plays an important role in emergency disaster relief and spatio-temporal prediction and decision making. In order to obtain geological hazard information implied in multi-source heterogeneous texts and investigate the impact caused by disasters, in this paper it analyzes many elements associated with the development process of geological hazards from the perspective of hazard chains, and proposes a top-down and bottom-up method of constructing a knowledge graph of geological hazard chains.Firstly, the complex formation mechanism and chain formation law among geohazards are analyzed from the perspective of hazard chain, and a unified semantic expression framework of geohazard chain ontology for information extraction is established based on the top-down method, including geohazard event ontology describing the geohazard knowledge system, geoenvironment ontology carrying the occurrence of geohazards, geographic object ontology under the effect of geohazards, and geohazards in disaster. Secondly, the data layer is constructed by combining the bottom-up method, and the concepts, instances and attributes and their associated relations are identified through knowledge fusion and knowledge storage.The results show that this method can effectively identify the four types of elements and their relationships, realize the conversion of data-information-knowledge, and provide a technical reference for the construction of knowledge graphs in the field of geological disasters.
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Key words:
- geohazard chain /
- knowledge graph /
- domain ontology /
- natural language processing /
- emergency response /
- hazard geology
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图 1 地质灾害知识图谱构建基本流程
Fig. 1. Constructing process of knowledge graph in geological hazard field
图 5 地质灾害链知识图谱模式层（部分）
Fig. 5. Geological hazard chain knowledge mapping pattern layer (partial)
图 6 地质灾害链知识图谱数据层
Fig. 6. Geological hazard chain knowledge mapping data layer (partial)
表 1 地质灾害链语义关系分类
Table 1. Classification of semantic relations of geohazard chains
关系类别 关系名称 关系解释 因果关系 Induced A灾害引发B灾害 Induced by A灾害由B灾害引发 IsPartof A灾害是A灾害链一部分 HasComponent A灾害链由B灾害组成 Primary_disaster A灾害原生灾害为B灾害链的原生灾害 Secondary_disaster A灾害为B灾害链的次生灾害 同源关系 Homologous A灾害和B灾害为同源关系 放大关系 Amplified A灾害和B灾害同时导致了一个灾害的发生 地质灾害与承灾体间语义关系 Caused A灾害引发了B承灾体 Caused by A承灾体由B灾害引发 
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表 2 时间关系分类
Table 2. Classification of time relationship
关系名称 中文解释 逆关系 表达式 图示 Procedes 发生在...之前 After Procedes (A, B) 
After 发生在...之后 Procedes After (A, B) Contains 包含 During Contains (A, B) 
During 在...期间 Contains During (A, B) Overlap 相交 Disjoint Overlay（A, B) 
Disjoint 相离 Overlap Disjoint (A, B) 
Meets 相连 MeetedBy Meets (A, B) MeetedBy 被相连 Meets MeetedBy (A, B) 
Equals 相等 - Equals (A, B) 
Starts 同时开始先结束 StartedBy Starts (A, B) StartsBy 同时开始后结束 Strats StartedBy (A, B) 
Finishs 同时结束先开始 FinishedBy Finishs (A, B) FinishedBy 同时结束后开始 Finishs FinishedBy (A, B) 
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表 3 地质灾害属性描述（部分）
Table 3. Description of geological hazard properties (partial)
属性特征 属性内容 实例 通用属性描述 灾害发生时间 …年…月…日 2019年5月1日 灾害发生位置 地名/经纬度坐标 武汉 灾害类别 地质灾害类型 滑坡、泥石流 灾害规模 灾度分级 巨型崩塌 … … … 特有属性描述 滑坡体的长度 米 110 m 滑坡体的宽度 米 200 m 滑坡体的厚度 米 40 m 降雨量 毫米 50 mm 流速 公里/小时 12 km/h … … …
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表 4 知识融合前后结果展示
Table 4. Presentation of alignment results after using similarity calculation
知识融合前 知识融合后 古滑坡识别微观形态，
古老滑坡识别微观形态古滑坡识别微观形态 蒸发盐类塌陷，岩盐塌陷 蒸发盐类塌陷 海洋动力灾害，海岸动力灾害 海洋动力灾害 … …
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表 5 不同模型方法实体识别实验结果
Table 5. Results of different approaches
模型 准确率(%) 召回率(%) F度量(%) 规则匹配 84.10 50.59 63.18 BiLSTM 91.30 60.80 72.99 BiLSTM-CRF 92.50 62.60 74.67 BiLSTM-Attention-CRF 93.20 65.40 76.86 BERT-BiLSTM-Attention-CRF 96.50 68.00 79.78
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表 6 不同模型方法实体关系识别实验结果
Table 6. Results of different approaches for entity relationship recognition
模型 准确率(%) 召回率(%) F度量(%) BiLSTM 75.12 45.10 56.36 BiLSTM-CRF 79.11 58.45 67.23 BiLSTM-Attention-CRF 80.56 60.23 68.93 BERT-BiLSTM-Attention-CRF 85.69 62.23 72.10
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表 7 基于BERT-BiLSTM-Attention-CRF方法实体抽取结果示例
Table 7. Example of entity extraction results of BERT-BiLSTM-Attention-CRF method
原文 抽取结果 坠落式崩塌主要为位于高暴发边坡中上部的崩塌物质呈悬空或悬挑式状态，在岩体拉断、
折断而产生的崩塌；[坠落式崩塌, 崩塌, 岩体] 滑坡等地质灾害主要发育在背斜核部与翼部的过渡部位. [滑坡] 安县地层从震旦系至白奎系以及第四系均有出露，以龙门山和四川盆地2个构造单元，
分为2套地层.[震旦系, 白奎系, 第四系, 龙门山, 四川盆地]
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表 8 基于BERT-BiLSTM-Attention-CRF方法实体关系抽取结果示例
Table 8. Example of relationship extraction results based on BERT-BiLSTM-Attention-CRF model
原文 抽取结果 坠落式崩塌主要为位于高暴发边坡中上部的崩塌物质呈悬空或悬挑式状态，在岩体拉断、折断而产生的崩塌； [位于] 滑坡等地质灾害主要发育在背斜核部与翼部的过渡部位. [发育] 云南省德宏州芒市芒市镇夏东村发生一起山洪泥石流灾害，致使2户民房掩埋. [致使]
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