Research Advances on Large-Scale Shaking Table Test for Rock Slopes under Earthquake
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摘要:
大型振动台试验方法可真实有效地模拟地震作用，是近年来研究边坡地震动响应特性的常用方法，被学者们广泛用于模拟研究各类支护结构加固的边坡工程中.通过综述学者们有关边坡大型振动台模型试验的相关文献，对其研究方法、研究对象及主要结论进行了分类评述.最后，通过分析目前岩质边坡大型振动台物理模拟试验研究中存在的问题，指明了今后的研究方向，为深入认识地震作用下岩质边坡的动力响应特性、变形破坏规律及支护结构与岩土体动力耦合作用机理奠定了基础，具有重要的理论意义和工程价值.
Abstract:The large-scale shaking table test method can simulate seismic effects realistically and effectively, and is a common method for studying the ground vibration response characteristics of slopes in recent years. In this paper it reviews the relevant literature on large-scale shaking table test model on slopes and categorises the research methods, research objects and main findings. Finally, by analyzing the problems in the current research of large-scale shaking table physical simulation tests on rock slopes, in this paper it points out the future research directions and lays the foundation for an in-depth understanding of the dynamic response characteristics of rock slopes under seismic action, the deformation and damage laws and the mechanism of the dynamic coupling between the supporting structure and the geotechnical body, which has important theoretical significance and engineering value.
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表 1 岩质边坡大型振动台试验设备主要技术参数
Table 1. Main technical parameters of large-scale shaking table test equipment for rock slopes
试验地点 主要技术参数 振动模式 台面尺寸(m) 最大负载(kN) 水平位移(mm) 垂直位移(mm) 水平加速度(g) 垂直加速度(g) 频率(Hz) 大连理工大学(王学伍，2019) 单向 1.5×1.5 100 ±300 - - - 0.1~20 华中科技大学(吴多华等，2020) 单向 4×4 150 ±100 - ±l.0 - 0.1~38 武汉大学(冯细霞，2018) 双向 2×2 200 - - ±2.5 ±2.5 0.1~100 中国地震局兰州地震研究所(王秋懿等，2020) 双向 4×6 250 ±250 ±100 ±1.7 ±1.2 0.1~50 福州大学(Zhang et al.，2022) 双向 4×4 220 ±250 - ±1.5 - 0~50 重庆交通科研设计院(Lin et al.，2017) 三向 6×3 350 ±150 ±100 ±l.0 ±l.0 0.1~70 中南大学(江学良等，2018) 三向 4×4 300 ±250 ±250 ±l.0 ±l.6 0.1~50 中国水利水电科学研究院(詹志发等，2019) 三向 5×5 200 - - ±l.0 ±0.8 0.1~120 重庆大学(Long et al.，2020) 三向 6.1×6.1 600 - - - - - 中国核动力研究设计院(Liu et al.，2021) 三向 6×6 600 ±150 ±100 ±l.0 ±0.8 0.1~80 中国地震局工程力学所(陶志刚等，2022) 三向 5×5 300 ±80 ±50 ±l.0 ±0.7 0.5~40 
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表 2 地震作用下不同支护结构加固岩质边坡
Table 2. Reinforcement of rock slopes by different support structures under seismic action
支护结构类型 边坡是否含潜在滑面 主要研究内容 主要研究结果 参考文献 锚杆/锚索/锚-梁支护结构 普通锚杆 无 锚杆轴力响应规律 地震强度增大，坡腰锚杆轴力最大转变为坡顶锚杆和坡腰锚杆轴力最大 叶海林等(2011) 是 锚杆杆体、砂浆应变响应规律 锚杆：拉压循环、张拉、强烈振荡和残余应变阶段；砂浆：拉压循环、张拉和破坏阶段 言志信等(2020) 预应力锚索 无 锚索预应力损失规律 地震强度增大，锚索预应力损失呈先增大再减小最后趋于稳定的趋势 叶海林等(2012a) 锚索+框架梁 是 锚索预应力损失规律 锚索预应力损失最先发生在坡顶，后向坡体中下部转移 付晓等(2018) 是 锚固界面剪切效应 边坡地震响应越强烈，锚固界面上的剪切效应越显著 Long et al.(2020) 是 边坡的破坏模式 滑动体顶部拉伸裂缝和纵向裂缝穿透、边坡上部自由面坍塌空鼓、滑动体整体滑动 Zhang et al.(2022) BFRP锚杆 无 边坡的加速度响应规律 BFRP锚杆对边坡的加速度放大系数具有有效的抑制作用 王秋懿等(2020) NPR锚索 是 NPR锚索固坡效应 NPR锚索通过恒阻变形，能够吸收地震波能，降低坡体破坏程度 陶志刚等(2022) 抗滑桩支护结构 埋入式抗滑桩 是 埋入式抗滑桩加固效果 埋入式抗滑桩可阻止贯通裂缝产生，防止坡顶和坡脚部位发生破坏 许江波和郑颖人(2012) 是 埋入式抗滑桩加固边坡破坏模式 埋入式抗滑桩加固边坡破坏面首先产生张拉-剪切复合破坏，最终发生跃顶破坏 赖杰等(2013) 单、双排桩 是 单、双排抗滑桩加固效果对比 地震作用下双排桩结构较单排桩可有效降低边坡响应和抑制边坡变形 刘昌清等(2013, 2014)、赖杰等(2014) 多锚点锚索抗滑桩 是 优化前后的锚索抗滑桩加固效果 优化后的多锚点锚索抗滑桩加固边坡可有效减小抗滑桩桩顶变形 冯帅等(2018) 组合支护结构 锚杆+抗滑桩 无 支护结构加固效果 悬臂抗滑桩加坡面锚杆支护结构加固后的边坡坡面累计相对位移较小 叶海林等(2012b) 是 锚杆轴力和抗滑桩土压力规律 地震强度增大，同一锚杆抗力由外向内传递，桩前和桩后土压力呈现不同分布形式，滑带处的桩动土压力变化最明显 赖杰等(2015) 无 边坡加速度响应规律 抗滑桩和锚杆联合支护可有效减低边坡临空面加速度放大效应 付晓等(2015) 锚索+框架梁+单排抗滑桩 无 边坡位移响应规律 边坡位移响应由表及里逐渐减弱，边坡中部位移响应整体性较强 范刚和张建经(2017) 是 锚索轴力和抗滑桩变形特征 地震强度增大，锚索轴力峰值增大，桩身弯矩呈非线性增大趋势，软弱结构面处的桩身变形最大 王德华等(2019) 锚索+框架梁+双排抗滑桩 是 锚索轴力和抗滑桩土压力规律 锚索：轴力峰值增加比例沿高程呈现空间非一致性，抗滑桩：主动土压力分布呈三角形 付晓等(2017) 锚索+框架梁+重力式挡土墙 是 边坡加速度响应规律 不同地震激振作用下，挡墙加固区加速度表现为高程放大效应，锚梁加固区加速度放大效应表现为上下强、中间弱 Lin et al.(2017)
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