Temporal and Spatial Variation of Wet Deposition of Nitrogen in the Source Region of the Yangtze River
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摘要: 长江源区作为亚洲第一长河的发源地，探究其氮沉降特征，对于保护我国水源地安全具有十分重要的意义.本文在野外采样、数理分析的基础上，利用氮源分析及后向轨迹模型判断氮沉降的环境意义.结果表明：（1）2016年4月-2018年7月，NO2--N、NO3--N、NH4+-N的平均浓度分别为1.01 mg/L、2.45 mg/L、1.30 mg/L；NO2--N、NO3--N、NH4+-N的平均沉降量分别为0.02 kg/hm2、0.09 kg/hm2、0.30 kg/hm2.曲麻莱氮浓度占源区比重最高，沱沱河次之，直门达最小，且春、夏季氮沉降量高于秋、冬季.（2）氮沉降浓度与降水量之间呈对数函数关系，沉降量与降水量之间呈正向幂函数关系；NO2--N、NO3--N沉降量与温度呈负相关性，NH4+-N与温度呈正相关性.（3）长江源区夏季NH4+-N沉降增加主要源于牧民放牧，冬季NOx--N沉降增加主要源于煤炭燃烧，且污染物传递还受到西风环流及局地环流影响，境外来源更多集中在西亚地区.Abstract: As the source of the longest river in Asia, the source region of the Yangtze River is great significance to explore its nitrogen deposition characteristics for protecting the safety of water sources in China. The result shows: (1) From April 2016 to July 2018, the average concentrations of NO2--N、NO3--N and NH4+-N were 1.01 mg/L, 2.45 mg/L and 1.30 mg/L respectively, the average deposition of NO2--N、NO3--N and NH4+-N were 0.02 kg/hm2、0.09 kg/hm2、0.30 kg/hm2. Qumalai had the highest proportion to the overall nitrogen deposition concentration in the source region of the Yangtze River, followed by the Tuotuo River, Zhimenda was the smallest, and the nitrogen deposition in spring and summer was higher than that in autumn and winter. (2) There was a logarithmic function relationship between nitrogen concentration and precipitation, and a positive power function relationship between deposition and precipitation; NO2--N and NO3--N deposition were negatively correlated with temperature, and NH4+-N was positively correlated with temperature. (3) The increase in NH4+-N deposition in the source region of the Yangtze River in summer is mainly due to grazing by herdsmen, and the increase in NOx--N deposition in winter is mainly due to coal combustion, and the transmission of pollutants is also affected by westerly circulation and local circulation, and overseas sources are more concentrated in West Asia.
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图 2 长江源区2016‒2018年不同形态氮浓度日变化
Fig. 2. Diurnal concentration variation of N in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2016 to 2018
图 3 长江源区2016‒2018年不同形态氮沉降量日变化
Fig. 3. Diurnal deposition variation of N in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2016 to 2018
图 4 长江源区2016‒2018年不同形态氮沉降时空特征
Fig. 4. Temporal and spatial characteristics of N concentrations in the source region of Yangtze River from 2016 to 2018
图 5 长江源区2016‒2018年总无机氮沉降浓度时空特征
Fig. 5. Temporal and spatial characteristics of TIN concentrations in the source region of Yangtze River from 2016 to 2018
图 6 长江源区2016‒2018年总无机氮沉降量时空特征
Fig. 6. Temporal and spatial characteristics of TIN deposition in the source region of Yangtze River from 2016 to 2018
图 7 长江源区2016-2018年不同形态氮沉降量时空特征
Fig. 7. Temporal and spatial characteristics of N deposition in the source region of Yangtze River from 2016 to 2018
图 8 长江源区大气氮湿沉降来源
Fig. 8. Sources of atmospheric N wet deposition in the source region of Yangtze River
图 9 长江源区大气氮沉降浓度与降水量之间的关系
Fig. 9. Relationship between N concentration and precipitation in the source region of the Yangtze River
图 10 长江源区大气氮沉降量与降水量之间的关系
Fig. 10. Relationship between N deposition and precipitation in the source region of the Yangtze River
图 11 长江源区大气氮沉降浓度与温度之间的关系
Fig. 11. Relationship between N concentration and temperature in the source region of the Yangtze River
图 12 长江源区大气氮沉降量与温度变化趋势
Fig. 12. Variation trend of N deposition and temperature in the source region of the Yangtze River
图 13 长江源区氮沉降后向轨迹分析
Fig. 13. Backward trajectory analysis of N deposition in the source region of the Yangtze River
表 1 长江源区采样点NH4+-N/NOx--N
Table 1. NH4+-N/NOx--N of the source region of the Yangtze River
春季 夏季 秋季 冬季 直门达 0.10 0.48 0.12 0.12 曲麻莱 4.42 3.35 2.77 0.26 沱沱河 0.17 0.90 0.13 0.01 
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表 2 大气氮沉降浓度与温度的相关性分析
Table 2. Correlation analysis between N concentration and temperature
NO2‒-N浓度 NO3‒-N浓度 NH4+-N浓度 TIN浓度 温度 ‒0.178** ‒0.192** 0.147** ‒0.079 注：显著性（双尾）：**在0.01水平上显著.
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表 3 大气氮沉降量与温度的相关性分析
Table 3. Correlation analysis between N deposition and temperature
NO2‒-N沉降量 NO3‒-N沉降量 NH4+-N沉降量 TIN沉降量 温度 ‒0.008 ‒0.042 0.085 0.080 注：显著性（双尾）：**在0.01水平上显著.
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