Geological Characteristics and Key Scientific and Technological Problems of Gulong Shale Oil in Songliao Basin
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摘要: 截止目前古龙凹陷页岩油的开发已见成效，总结古龙页岩油富集的地质条件对下一步的勘探开发工作尤为重要.对当前古龙页岩油基础地质特征及勘探成果进行了梳理总结，归纳了规模见产可能面临的科学技术问题，并探讨了下一步科研攻关方向.松辽盆地北部青山口组一段页岩具有机质丰度高（TOC为2.0%~3.0%，平均2.7%）、类型好（以Ⅰ型干酪根为主，生烃母质为层状藻类体）、成熟度高（Ro为1.20%~1.67%）、黏土矿物含量高（大于35%）等典型特征.受益于较高的地温梯度，古龙凹陷青一段有机质达到高成熟阶段，油质轻（地面密度小于0.8 g/cm3）、气油比高（大于50 m3/m3），具备高熟页岩油规模开发潜力.页岩油甜点评价标准的厘定、单井EUR预测存在不确定性及规模效益开发配套技术欠缺是古龙页岩油勘探开发目前面临的主要挑战.黏土矿物对油水赋存状态乃至含油饱和度的影响、复合润湿性对压裂液渗吸置换效率的控制等陆相页岩油特有机理研究的突破，将会推动国家级开发示范区产油目标的快速实现，并有望在轻质油带开发基础上向稀油带扩大古龙页岩油勘探开发成果.Abstract: The development of shale oil in Gulong Sag has achieved promising results. It is particularly important to summarize the geological conditions of Gulong shale oil enrichment for the next stage of exploration. In this paper, it aims to summarize the geological characteristics and exploration results of Gulong shale until now, raise the possible scientific and technological issues faced by production, and point out the direction of scientific research for further study. The shale of the first member of Qingshankou Formation in the north of the Songliao Basin is characterized by high organic matter content (TOC ranges in 2.0%-3.0%, with an average value of 2.7%), oil-prone organic type (mainly type Ⅰ kerogen, and the hydrocarbon generating material is mainly layered algae), high maturity (Ro ranges in 1.20%-1.67%) and high clay mineral content (more than 35%). Benefiting from the high ground temperature gradient, the organic matter of Qingshankou Formation in Gulong Sag is in high maturity stage, with light oil quality (ground density less than 0.8 g/cm3) and high gas oil ratio (more than 50 m3/m3), which shows the potential for large-scale development of high maturity shale oil. The unclear evaluation standards of Gulong shale oil, the uncertainty of single well EUR prediction and the lack of technology for large scale development are the main challenges for Gulong shale oil exploration and development. The breakthrough in the research on the unique mechanism of continental shale oil enrichment, such as the influence of clay minerals on the oil phase, the saturation of oil and water and the control of wettability on the permeability and replacement efficiency of fracturing fluid, will promote the rapid realization of the oil production target of the national development demonstration area, and is expected to expand the exploration and development achievements of Gulong shale oil on the basis of the development of light oil belt.
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Key words:
- Songliao Basin /
- Qingshankou Formation /
- continental shale oil /
- scale development /
- light oil /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 松辽盆地区域构造图及地层柱状图（修改自Liu et al., 2019b）
Fig. 1. Regional tectonic map and stratigraphic histogram of the Songliao Basin (modified from Liu et al., 2019b)
图 2 松辽盆地北部青山口组页岩沉积相展布及地层厚度分布图
Fig. 2. Shale lithofacies distribution and stratigraphic thickness contour maps of Qingshankou Formation in North Songliao Basin
图 3 松辽盆地北部青山口组页岩有机显微组分及类型判别图
Fig. 3. Organic macerals and type discrimination maps of Qingshankou Formation shale in northern Songliao Basin
图 4 松辽盆地北部青山口组成熟度随深度演化及成熟度平面分布
Fig. 4. Evolution of maturity with depth and plane distribution of maturity of Qingshankou Formation in northern Songliao Basin
图 5 青一段页岩孔隙类型定量识别
Fig. 5. Quantitative identification of shale pore types in Qingshankou Formation
图 6 青一段页岩孔隙度及渗透率分布直方图
Fig. 6. Distribution histograms of porosity and permeability of shale in Qingshankou Formation
图 8 青一段页岩二维核磁共振谱图
①为类固体有机质，②为轻质烃，③为水，④为羟基化合物；含油饱和度=（①+②）/（①+②+③）×100%；可动油饱和度=②/（①+②+③）×100%
Fig. 8. 2D NMR map of Qingshankou Formation
图 9 青一段页岩样品解冻‒挥发过程中的二维核磁共振谱图
①为类固体有机质，②为轻质烃，③为水，④为羟基化合物
Fig. 9. 2D NMR maps of shale samples from Qingshankou Formation during thawing volatilization
表 1 中国典型盆地地温梯度值
Table 1. Geothermal gradient values of typical basins in China
盆地名称 松辽 二连 渤海湾 沁水 鄂尔多斯 花海 酒西 酒东 柴达木 吐哈 准格尔 塔里木 地温梯度(℃/100 m) 4.1 3.5 3.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.1 2.0 大地热流(mW/m2) 70 69 62 61 63 56 50 51 53 44 35 44 
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