Coupling Process of Debris Flow Erosion and Wavy Flow Caused by Incision on Paleosedimentary Basin
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摘要: 青藏高原的持续抬升导致黄河干流下切，带动支流大河坝河溯源下切，使得同德盆地由沉积区变为侵蚀区，泥石流开始群发，研究群发机理对古沉积盆地泥石流的防灾减灾意义重大.通过野外监测结合室内水槽试验，系统分析了同德盆地卵石夹砂沉积层的土力学性质，切沟发育阶段和泥石流的侵蚀、运动过程.卵石夹砂沉积层分选好，磨圆度高，无胶结，利于水流下切和物源能量的累积.大河坝河溯源下切，卵石夹砂物源能量往大河坝河上游传递，导致大河坝河不同河段的切沟发育阶段和泥石流发育趋势不同.卵石夹砂沉积层的厚度和下切深度决定了泥石流的侵蚀强度和发育趋势.水流下切、泥石流侵蚀、卵石夹砂分选和崩滑堵溃过程造成了泥石流龙头能量来源的间歇性和周期性，助推了龙头运动的波动性.Abstract: Uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau result in accelerating fluvial incision of the Yellow River. The incision of the Yellow River makes Daheba River, one of the tributaries of the Yellow River, incise quickly on the flat and broad Tongde basin covered by deep fluvial sediments and loess. Tongde basin has changed from sedimentary area to erosion area, and debris flow are developing. The study on the mechanism of debris flow groups occurrence is of great significance to the prevention and mitigation of debris flow in paleosedimentary basins. This paper analyzed the characteristics of sediments soil mechanics, water system of Daheba River and the mechanism of erosin and motion of debris flow through field investigation and physical model. Analysis showed that the Daheba River incised on thick lacustrine sediments and the sediments composed by gravel and sand, good sorting, were beneficial to the formation of debris flow. Under the condition of uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and rapid incisions of Yellow River, the headward erosion of Daheba River had made the river energy gradually extend upstream. Therefore, different distribution and development characteristics were at different river sections of Daheba River. The thickness and incision depth of pebble sand sediment layer determine the erosion intensity and development trend of debris flow. The intermittent energy source of debris flow head is caused by the process of water flow incision, debris flow erosion, pebble sand separation and collapse, which promotes the fluctuation of debris flow movement.
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Key words:
- debris flow /
- river incision /
- erosion /
- gravel and sand /
- wave motion /
- engineering geology /
- disaster prevention
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图 1 同德盆地，黄河和大河坝河之间的位置关系（a）；最大和最小高程(b；改自Craddock et al., 2010); 大河坝河分段：沉积段，过渡段，山区段(c)
Fig. 1. Tongde sedimentary basin, Yellow River and its tributary Daheba River (a); maximum and minimum elevation (b; modified by Craddock et al., 2010); three reaches: the sedimentary basin reach, the transition reach, and the mountain reach (c)
图 2 泥石流沟的地貌特征
a. 大河坝河河谷；b. 泥石流沟流域形状；c. 监测沟道；d. 监测断面；e. 泥石流扇；f. 洪积扇
Fig. 2. Geomorphic characteristics of debris flow gully
图 5 泥石流分布密度和沉积层厚度与河流下切深度之间的关系
Fig. 5. Debris flow density, sediment thickness and incision depth
图 6 泥石流和山洪集水面积和沟道坡降
Fig. 6. Gully gradient vs. gully drainage area for debris-flow and non-debris-flow gullies
图 7 野外监测泥石流龙头速度（拉格朗日法）
Fig. 7. Velocity of the head of the debris flow based on a Lagrangian analysis
图 8 野外监测泥石流经过某断面（见图 2d）的速度和侵蚀率（欧拉法）
Fig. 8. Velocity of the body of the debris flow while passing through section (indicated in Fig.2d) based on an Eulerian analysis
图 11 泥石流沟内崩滑体
a. 暴发前崩滑体；b. 暴发后崩滑体；c. 暴发前堰塞体；d. 暴发后残留堰塞体
Fig. 11. Gully morphology and sediment availability in the gully
图 14 大河坝河泥石流剩余地形高度
Fig. 14. Excess topography vs. gully drainage area for debris-flow and flood gullies
图 15 泥石流龙头高度、孔压和正压力
Fig. 15. The debris head height, pore pressure and total normal pressure
图 16 泥石流龙头阻力、洪峰推力和龙头加速度
Fig. 16. Head resistance, push press by the body and acceleration of the head
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