Study on Age and Recycling of Shallow Groundwater Based on Tritium and CFCs in Dongting Basin
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摘要: 洞庭盆地水资源供需矛盾日益突出，为查明区域地下水年龄以及循环更新情况，2021年在洞庭盆地资江流域采集浅层地下水氚（3H）和CFCs水样各12组.利用活塞流（PFM）模型对地下水3H和CFCs年龄进行了计算.结果表明：研究区地下水年龄自山前丘岗区至平原区逐步变老.山前丘岗区地下水年龄普遍 < 40 a，新水补给比例为96.36%~86.41%，地下水实际流速为2.18 m/d，地下水循环更新较快；平原区地下水年龄基本都在50 a以上，新水补给比例为37.09%，地下水实际流速在1.2~1.59 m/d，渗透流速为0.000 8~0.001 2 m/d，地下水循环更新慢.结合区域水文地质条件，山前丘岗区主要发育局部水流系统，平原区开始进入中间水流系统，平原中部地下水年龄超过80 a，可能与区域循环系统相重叠.Abstract: The contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in Dongting basin has become increasingly prominent. In order to evaluate the age, circulation and renewal of groundwater, 12 groups water samples of tritium (3H) and CFCs were collected from shallow groundwater in Zijiang basin of Dongting basin in 2021. The piston flow (PFM) model was used to calculate the 3H and CFCs ages of groundwater. The results show that the groundwater age in the study area gradually ages from the piedmont hilly area to the plain area. In the piedmont hilly area, the groundwater age is generally less than 40 years, the recharge ratio of fresh water was 96.36%-86.41%, the actual flow rate of groundwater is 2.18 m/d, and the groundwater circulation renewal was fast. The age of groundwater in plain area is above 50 years, the proportion of new water recharge is 37.09%, the actual groundwater flow rate is 1.2-1.59 m/d, and the infiltration flow rate is 0.000 8-0.001 2 m/d. The groundwater cycle renewal is slow. Combined with the regional hydrogeological conditions, the piedmont hilly area mainly developed local water flow system, and groundwater in the plain area belongs to the intermediate water flow system. The groundwater age in the central plain is more than 80 years, which may overlap with the regional circulation system.
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Key words:
- tritium /
- CFCs /
- Dongting basin /
- groundwater /
- hydrogeology
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图 1 研究区位置、范围、地质概况及采样点分布
地下水等水位线根据王俊霖等（2020）修改
Fig. 1. Study area location, scope, geological survey and distribution of sampling sites
图 3 长沙站1952‒2021年大气降水氚浓度重建结果
Fig. 3. Reconstruction results of tritium concentration at Changsha station
图 4 样品CFCs浓度（pptv）相对北美大气CFCs浓度标准变化曲线趋势
Fig. 4. Sample CFCs concentration (pptv) relative to the North American atmospheric CFCs concentration standard curve trend diagram
图 5 北美大气CFCs浓度比值趋势
Fig. 5. Trend of atmospheric CFCs concentration ratio in North America
图 6 地下水CFCs浓度相对北美标准曲线比值分布
Fig. 6. Ratio distribution of groundwater CFCs concentration to the North American standard curve
表 1 氚与CFCs测试结果
Table 1. Tritium and CFCs test results
点号 井深（m） 3H（TU） CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113 (pmol/kg) (pmol/kg) (pmol/kg) GW10 14 4.9 0.54 0.39 0.03 GW19 14 4.7 1.29 1.26 0.09 GW22 18 4.9 0.21 - - GW32 11 5.3 0.02 - - GW36 9 5.2 0.07 0.22 - GW43 15 5.4 0.03 0.06 - GW51 12 4.6 0.25 0.43 - GW59 9 5.0 0.03 0.10 - GW62 12 4.1 1.88 1.34 0.17 GW63 9 5.2 3.75 1.55 0.20 GW82 9 8.5 7.35 1.29 0.16 GW88 7 4.6 1.09 1.15 0.05 注：“-”表示未检测出. 
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表 2 氚浓度恢复结果相对误差分析
Table 2. Relative error analysis of tritium concentration recovery results
长沙站实测 长沙‒香港‒渥太华 对数插值恢复 误差 1988 11.78 8.90 0.24 1989 11.00 11.09 ‒0.01 1990 9.37 7.65 0.18 1991 8.03 7.74 0.04 1992 9.78 10.44 ‒0.07 注：长沙站、香港站、渥太华站数据均来源于国际原子能机构IAEA（ http://nds121.iaea.org/wiser/index.php ）.
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表 3 地下水年龄及补给年份
Table 3. Groundwater age and recharge year
点号 PFM模型地下水年龄 PFM模型补给年份 3H CFC11 CFC12 CFC113 3H CFC11 CFC12 CFC113 GW10 55.2 53.6 54.4 49.6 1966.3 1967.4 1966.6 1971.4 GW19 38.0 48.8 39.8 41.6 1983.5 1972.2 1981.2 1979.4 GW22 61.6 60.2 80+ 50+ 1959.9 1960.8 早于1940 早于1970 GW32 61.6 69.2 80+ 50+ 1959.9 1951.8 早于1940 早于1970 GW36 55.9 65.0 57.6 50+ 1965.6 1956 1963.4 早于1970 GW43 55.9 68.0 66.8 50+ 1965.6 1953 1954.2 早于1970 GW51 55.9 59.0 52.5 50+ 1965.6 1962 1968.5 早于1970 GW59 55.6 68.0 63.6 50+ 1965.9 1953 1957.4 早于1970 GW62 38.8 44.7 38.7 36.6 1982.7 1976.3 1982.3 1984.4 GW63 38.0 31.6 35.6 35.6 1983.5 1989.4 1985.4 1985.4 GW82 38.0 28.4 39.6 37.6 1983.5 1992.6 1981.4 1983.4 GW88 38.1 50.0 41.5 46.5 1983.4 1971 1979.5 1974.5
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表 4 地下水CFCs比值年龄及混合比例
Table 4. CFCs ratio age and mixing ratio of groundwater
编号 比值年龄(CFC-113/CFC-12） 新水比例（%） 比值年龄（CFC-113/CFC-11） 新水比例（%） GW10 1978.5 37.05 1984 18.67 GW19 1978 - 1987 38.23 GW22 - - - - GW32 - - - - GW36 - - - - GW43 - - - - GW51 - - - - GW59 - - - - GW62 1985.5 86.79 1991.5 48.35 GW63 1986 96.36 1983.5 - GW82 1985 86.41 - - GW88 - - 1981.5 41.66 注：“-”表示该取样点因未检测出而无法计算比值年龄和新水比例.
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表 5 含水层参数
Table 5. Aquifer parameters
钻孔 含水层 水平渗透系数（m/d） 水力坡度（‰） 资江南岸 S1-2 Qp2dt 1.42 0.6 资江北岸 S1-1 Qp2dt 2.82 0.4
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表 6 地下水流速估算
Table 6. Estimation of groundwater velocity
编号 距离（m） 流动时间（a） 实际流速（m/d） 渗透流速（m/d） GW63-GW62（丘岗区） 2 465 3.1 2.18 - GW51-GW43（资江南岸） 8 288 14.3 1.59 0.000 8 GW82-GW36（资江北岸） 7 892 18 1.2 0.001 2
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表 7 资江流域2012年地表水水位与长观孔水位（m）
Table 7. Surface water level and long-time-observation-hole water level in Zijiang basin in 2012
站点/月份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 沙头（水文站） 28.6 28.5 28.2 28.3 28.1 30.2 29.4 28.7 27.7 27.9 27.9 27.7 益阳（水文站） 28.7 28.7 28.9 30.1 31.2 30.3 30.1 29.3 29.4 28.4 27.9 27.7 S01（长观孔） 20.2 20.3 20.7 21.2 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.3 21.1 20.8 21.5 22.2
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表 8 南洞庭湖水位（m）
Table 8. Water level of South Dongting Lake
湖泊名称 最高水位 最低水位 多年平均水位 南洞庭湖 35.32 27.04 29.46 注：表 7、表8数据来源于《江汉‒洞庭平原地下水数值模拟专题研究报告》（中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心，2016）.
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