Efficient Exploration Technology of Deep Tight Gas Reservoir Based on Geomechanics Method: a Case Study of Dibei Gas Reservoir in Kuqa Depression
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摘要: 为了明确库车坳陷迪北致密气藏有利储层分布及配套工程技术，提高勘探效率，在气藏分析基础上，基于地质力学方法，综合运用地质资料、钻井资料、测井资料，开展现今地应力场预测、裂缝有效性评价等研究，兼顾甜点钻遇和压裂改造效率，从地质工程一体化角度，量化优选定向井井眼轨迹.结果表明：（1）现今地应力和天然裂缝很大程度决定了深层致密气藏品质和压裂改造效率，影响气井产能；（2）迪北气藏非均质性强，岩石物理特征、现今地应力、裂缝有效性在井间差异明显，迪北气藏裂缝甜点分布离散，储层改造难度受地质因素的制约程度大；（3）天然裂缝是深层致密气藏优质甜点区发育的重要控制因素，并能降低压裂施工难度、提高压裂改造效率；（4）定向井应多穿低应力带、多穿天然裂缝，并充分考虑天然裂缝走向和地应力方向的匹配，以提高单井产量.直井钻探模式在迪北致密气藏的高效勘探上存在局限，定向井不但能兼顾甜点钻遇和压裂改造效率，在钻井安全稳定方面也具有优势，是深层致密气藏少井高效勘探的有效途径.Abstract: To clarify the favorable reservoir distribution, determine associated engineering technology, and improve the exploration efficiency in Dibei tight gas reservoir of Kuqa Depression, the in situ stress field prediction and fracture effectiveness evaluation were analyzed based on geomechanics method in this study. In addition, the efficiency of sweet spot drilling and fracturing stimulation were considered, and the directional wellbore trajectory was quantitatively optimized based on the integration of geology and engineering. The results show that: (1) the in situ stresses and natural fractures largely determine the quality and fracturing efficiency of deep tight gas reservoirs, affecting the productivity of gas wells; (2) the Dibei gas reservoir has strong heterogeneity, resulting in significantly differences in petrophysical characteristics, in situ stress and fracture effectiveness among wells. The distribution of fracture sweet spots in Dibei gas reservoir is discrete, and the difficulty of reservoir stimulation is greatly restricted by geological factors. (3) Natural fractures greatly control high-quality sweet spots of deep tight gas reservoirs, and they can reduce the difficulty of fracturing operations and improve fracturing stimulation efficiency; (4) Directional wells should penetrate more low-stress zones and natural fractures and fully match the direction of natural fractures and in situ stress to improve single-well production. The vertical well drilling mode has limitations in the efficient exploration of Dibei tight gas reservoirs. Directional wells can take into account the efficiency of sweet spot drilling and fracturing stimulation and have advantages in terms of drilling safety and stability.
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图 1 库车坳陷构造单元划分与迪北气藏构造位置、迪北气藏侏罗系阿合组顶面构造图和地震剖面
Fig. 1. Division of structural units in Kuqa depression, structural location of Dibei gas reservoir, top structural map and seismic profile of Jurassic Ahe formation in Dibei gas reservoir
图 2 库车坳陷北部构造带中新生代地层系统（据王珂等，2022修改）
Fig. 2. Mesozoic-Cenozoic stratigraphic system in the northern structural belt of Kuqa depression (modified according to Wang et al., 2022)
图 3 岩心和成像测井上可见大量发育的层理缝
a. DX1井FMI图像，高角度裂缝和低角度层理缝十分发育；b. DT2井岩心，发育一系列层理缝，缝内充填碳质、泥质，可见高角度天然裂缝截止于层面，岩心多在层理面破碎
Fig. 3. A large number of bedding fractures can be seen on the core and imaging logging
图 4 DX1井地应力剖面和相对产气量
Fig. 4. In situ stress profile and relative gas production of well DX1
图 5 多重地质因素下的地应力场和天然裂缝非均质分布
据江同文等（2021）修改；a. 互层岩体具有“多中和面”; b. 复杂边界条件下地应力和大然裂缝的非均质分布
Fig. 5. In-situ stress field and heterogeneous distribution of fractures under multiple geological factors
图 6 压裂缝与天然裂缝的相交过程分解
Fig. 6. Decomposition of intersecting process between compression fracture and natural fracture
图 7 临界应力裂缝原理示意图
a. 地壳中存在一系列裂缝，但其中只有一部分裂缝处于临界应力的优势状态（标为红色）；b. a图中处于临界应力状态的红色裂缝均处于莫尔-库仑破坏线上方，即莫尔圆的上部
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of critical-stress-fracture principle
图 8 裂缝开启率随地层孔隙压力增大而增大
Fig. 8. Fracture opening rate increases with the increase of formation pore pressure
图 9 迪北气藏现今地应力分布和裂缝有效性预测
a. DB5井采用定向井向北西方向的低应力部位钻进；b. DB5井井周裂缝相对发育，裂缝有效性较好
Fig. 9. In situ stress distribution and prediction of fracture effectiveness of Dibei gas reservoir
图 10 模拟DB5井在不同井斜角的井轨迹安全钻井液密度窗口
Fig. 10. Simulation of safe mud density window of well trajectory with different well deviation angles
图 11 迪北气藏单井地应力方向和裂缝产状统计图
a. 迪北气藏单井现今最大水平主应力方向；b. 迪北气藏单井裂缝走向（红色）和倾向（蓝色）；c. 迪北气藏整体裂缝走向（红色）和倾向（蓝色）统计；d. 迪北气藏整体裂倾角统计
Fig. 11. Statistical diagram of in situ stress orientation and fracture occurrence of single well in Dibei gas reservoir
图 12 不同钻井方向压裂形成的压裂缝网形态
Fig. 12. Fracture network formed by fracturing in different drilling directions
图 14 DB5井裂缝开启性模拟
a. 当井底注入压力为1.95 MPa/100 m，裂缝开启率为35%；b. 当井底注入压力为2.13 MPa/100 m，裂缝开启率为100%
Fig. 14. Fracture opening simulation of well DB5
图 15 DB5井5 883.5~5 933.5 m压裂施工曲线
Fig. 15. Fracturing Operation Curve of 5 883.5~5 933.5 m in well Well DB5
表 1 基于储层特征和地质力学分析的压裂改造层段和改造建议
Table 1. Fracturing reconstruction intervals and reconstruction suggestions based on reservoir characteristics and geomechanical analysis
层段 深度（m） 岩石物理特征 地质力学特征 改造建议 I 5 836.5~5 876.0 孔隙度4%~8%，渗透率0.1~21.0 mD，储集空间为粒内溶孔、微裂缝、微孔隙 1组/2条高角度裂缝，最小水平主应力约110~123 MPa，存在部分应力集中 建议进行加砂压裂，形成缝网、提高储层渗透性能 II 5 883.5~5 933.5 孔隙度6%~12%，渗透率0.1~40.0 mD，储集空间为粒内溶孔、微裂缝、微孔隙 7组/48条高角度裂缝，最小水平主应力112~121 MPa，没有应力集中现象 建议进行酸化压裂，提高储层渗透性能 III 5 942.5~5 989.0 孔隙度4%~8%，渗透率0.1~10.0 mD，储集空间为粒内溶孔、微裂缝、微孔隙 2组/5条高角度裂缝，最小水平主应力116~122 MPa，没有应力集中现象 建议进行加砂压裂，形成缝网、提高储层渗透性能 IV 6 007.0~6 063.5 储层发育方解石胶结，孔隙度4%~8%，渗透率0.1~5.4 mD，储集空间为粒内溶孔、微裂缝、微孔隙 1组/2条高角度裂缝，最小水平主应力118~124 MPa，具有明显应力集中 建议进行大型加砂压裂，造缝提高储层渗透性能 
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