Stages of Hydrocarbon Accumulationand Fluid Evolution of Qixia Reservoir in Shuangyushi Area, Northwest Sichuan Basin, China
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摘要: 以岩心观察描述为基础，结合偏光显微镜薄片、阴极发光及流体包裹体等分析手段，探讨了川西北双鱼石构造栖霞组储层成岩和成藏期次及流体演化. 结果表明，川西北双鱼石构造栖霞组上部储层整体为亮晶云质灰岩，可将其成岩矿物充填划分为四期，依次为早期微细晶方解石、重结晶的方解石、围岩孔洞中共生的石英钠长石和沥青、裂缝中充填的白云石和方解石. 结合不同成岩阶段流体包裹体特征与埋藏史分析表明，二叠到中三叠纪研究区整体沉降接受沉积，埋深加大并受峨眉地裂伴随的热液作用影响，形成重结晶方解石，早中三叠-中侏罗纪下寒武统烃源岩达到生油高峰，使得第一期原油充注到栖霞组储层，随后二叠系中下部烃源岩在早侏罗-早白垩世达到生油高峰，即第二期原油充注. 富硅热流体的充注形成石英和钠长石，同时由于埋深和热流体的改造，部分原油裂解生成沥青，古气藏开始逐步成藏. 燕山晚期到喜山期龙门山地区在中生代中晚期经历了持续的逆冲构造变形，在构造裂缝充填白云石和方解石. 裂缝充填方解石脉中捕获含甲烷包裹体和沥青包裹体，即古气藏随之调整，整体呈现早成藏晚调整的特点.Abstract: Based on drilling core observation, combined polarizing microscopic observation forthin section, cathodoluminescence and fluid inclusion analysis, this paper discusses hydrocarbon accumulation and fluid evolution of Qixia Formation in Shuangyushi structure in northwestern Sichuan. There sults show that the upper reservoir of Qixia Formation of Shuangyushi structure in northwest Sichuan is sparry cloud limestone, and its fillings of diagenetic mineral can be divided into four stages, including early fine crystalline calcite, recrystallized calcite, quartz and albite filled in early limestone holes, and dolomite and calcite filled in pore cracks. Combined with the characteristics of fluid inclusions in different diagenetic stages and burial history analysis, it is found that study area was settled and accepted deposition from Permian to Middle Triassic, recrystallized calcite was formed due to the increase of burial depth and hydrothermal action associated with Emei taphrogeny.The early⁃middle Triassic to middle Jurassic lower Cambrian source rocks reached the peak of oil generation, which made the first stage of oil charged into Qixia Formation reservoir. Then the middle and lower Permian source rocks reached the peak of oil generation in the Early Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, that is, the second stage of oil charging. Quartz and albite were formed due to the charging of silica⁃rich hydrothermal fluid. At the same time, due to the burial depth and the transformation of hydrothermal fluid, part of the crude oil cracked into bitumen, and the ancient gas reservoir began to form gradually. The Longmenshan area experienced continuous thrust deformation in the middle and late Mesozoic from late Yanshanian to Himalayan, structural fractures were filled with dolomite and calcite. Methane and asphalt inclusions were captured in the veincalcite, and the ancient gas reservoirs were adjusted accordingly, which indicated the characteristics of early accumulation and late adjustment.
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图 1 双鱼石区块构造位置及沉积地层特征
据曾鑫耀等（2020）、易士威等（2021），有修改
Fig. 1. Structural location and sedimentary stratigraphic characteristics of Shuangyushi area
图 2 川西北地区栖霞组亮晶云质灰岩镜下特征
样品取自ST2井，5 744.02~5 744.17 m；a.栖霞组发育亮晶云质灰岩，围岩中发育孔洞和裂缝，围岩孔隙多不规则，且保留生物碎屑，孔洞中充填方解石，脉体中充填方解石和白云石；b.正交光下方解石和白云石呈高级白干涉色，方解石发育聚片双晶；c.裂缝较发育，并为方解石脉充填，孔洞中发育自生石英；d.石英正交光下呈灰白干涉色；e.围岩中发育自生石英和长石，长石呈板条状，孔隙多见沥青充填；f.长石正交光下呈灰白干涉色
Fig. 2. Microscopic characteristics of sparry dolomitic limestone of Qixia Formation in northwest Sichuan
图 3 川西北地区栖霞组岩相学特征
样品取自ST2井，5 744.02~5 744.17 m；a.裂缝中充填的方解石和白云石；b.阴极发光下围岩微细晶方解石、重结晶方解石和裂缝中充填的方解石不发光，裂缝充填的白云石呈橘红色；c.裂缝不同位置充填的方解石和白云石；d.白云石充填在裂缝边部，方解石充填在裂缝中部；e.围岩孔洞中充填的石英、长石和沥青；f.阴极发光下石英、长石呈蓝紫色；g.石英在围岩中零星分布，沥青分布在石英颗粒周围；h.阴极发光下石英呈蓝紫色，脉体中白云石呈橘红色
Fig. 3. Petrographic characteristics of Qixia Formation in northwest Sichuan
图 4 各成岩期次矿物中流体包裹体镜下特征及拉曼谱图
样品取自ST2井，5 744.02~5 744.17 m；a1.重结晶方解石（Ⅱ）中沥青包裹体，呈长条状；a2.沥青的拉曼峰在1 347 cm-1和1 592 cm-1；b1.石英中（Ⅲ）发育含甲烷沥青包裹体；b2.石英（Ⅲ）拉曼峰在464 cm-1，沥青拉曼峰在1 339 cm-1和1 605 cm-1，甲烷的拉曼峰在2 909 cm-1，拉曼谱图中可见围岩方解石信号，1 087 cm-1；c1.石英（Ⅲ）中发育沥青包裹体；c2.沥青拉曼峰在1 341 cm-1和1 607 cm-1；d1.石英颗粒周围的沥青（Ⅲ）；d2.沥青的拉曼峰在1 339 cm-1和1 599 cm-1；e1.钠长石（Ⅲ）呈板条状，其中发育盐水包裹体；e2.钠长石拉曼峰在478 cm-1和507 cm-1；f1.钠长石（Ⅲ）中发育沥青包裹体；f2.可见围岩方解石信号，拉曼峰在1 087 cm-1，沥青的拉曼峰在1 337 cm-1和1 605 cm-1；g1.钠长石（Ⅲ）中发育含甲烷包裹体；g2.甲烷拉曼峰在2 911 cm-1；h1.裂缝方解石（Ⅳ）中盐水包裹体；h2.方解石（Ⅳ）拉曼峰在1 085 cm-1；i1.裂缝方解石（Ⅳ）中含甲烷包裹体；i2.甲烷的拉曼峰在2 914 cm-1；j1.发育在裂缝边部的白云石（Ⅳ）；j2.白云石的拉曼峰在1 097 cm-1
Fig. 4. Microscopic characteristics and Raman spectra of fluid inclusions in minerals of different diagenetic stages
图 5 成岩Ⅱ-成岩Ⅳ期矿物中流体包裹体均一温度直方图
Fig. 5. Homogenization temperature histogram of fluid inclusions in minerals of diagenetic stageⅡ⁃Ⅳ
图 6 双鱼石地区栖霞组埋藏史-成岩-生烃-成藏演化图
Fig. 6. The burial history-diagenesis-hydrocarbon generation and accumulation evolution of Qixia Formation in Shuangyushi area
图 7 川西北双鱼石构造油气成藏过程模式
Fig. 7. Hydrocarbon accumulation process model of Shuangyushi structure in northwest Sichuan Basin
表 1 ST2井栖霞组流体包裹体PVT模拟结果
Table 1. PVT simulation results of fluid inclusions in Qixia Formation of well ST2
井号 期次 包裹体类型 寄主矿物 Th（℃） Tm（℃） 盐度（%） Tt（℃） Pt（MPa） 压力系数 5 741.08~5 741.21 Ⅱ 原生 方解石 91.9 -6.0 9.21 99.9 18.9 0.97 Ⅱ 原生 方解石 117.0 -1.2 2.07 131.3 27.0 1.05 Ⅱ 原生 方解石 103.6 -0.6 1.06 114.5 20.6 0.92 5 744.02~5 744.17 Ⅲ 原生 钠长石 190.1 -10.2 14.15 220.3 57.1 1.31 Ⅲ 原生 钠长石 201.7 -4.2 6.74 233.3 51.7 1.11 Ⅳ 原生 方解石 152.5 -3.0 4.96 175.3 41.9 1.33 Ⅳ 原生 方解石 152.4 -3.4 5.56 175.2 42.4 1.35 Ⅳ 原生 方解石 138.6 -3.0 4.96 158.3 37.4 1.33 Ⅳ 原生 方解石 192.2 -5.5 8.55 221.7 51.0 1.26 Ⅳ 原生 方解石 167.0 -1.2 2.07 191.9 42.9 1.13 Ⅳ 原生 方解石 159.3 -0.7 1.23 183.1 41.5 1.15 注：表中数据均由倪蕊在中国石油大学（华东）流体包裹体实验室完成，流体包裹体均一温度和冰点测试过标准样品校正后，误差为±0.1 ℃ 
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