Application of Tectonic Geomorphology Method for Constraining the Slip Rate Uncertainty and Implication of Strike-Slip Faults: An Example from the Haiyuan Fault Zone
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摘要: 断层滑动速率是理解复杂断层系统应变分配与评估地震危险性的重要参数，在多种研究方法中，利用构造地貌学方法限定走滑断裂的第四纪滑动速率较为普遍. 在青藏高原活动断裂体系中，海原断裂带承载了部分印度-欧亚板块碰撞产生的应变，其滑动速率的精细厘定也是高原构造变形动力学分析的重要参数. 过去三十年间前人采用构造地貌学方法对其进行了大量的滑动速率研究，结果位于2.3~16 mm/a之间，不同研究间相差较大，因此引发了众多争议与困惑. 在对已有研究进行详细评述的基础上，指出前人研究结果不确定性的重要原因是上级阶地与下级阶地重建模型的选择. 结果认为，基于两种位移累积起始时间定义的模型得到的往往是滑动速率的上限或下限，不能简单地将其等同于滑动速率真实值. 当缺乏观测数据可以辅助判别两种模型的可靠程度时，应基于上、下级阶地废弃年龄同时对滑动速率进行限定，这是对滑动速率计算过程中客观存在的不确定性的尊重和认可. 海原断裂带滑动速率的评估将为后续基于青藏高原内部诸多活动断裂进行两种端元变形模型合理性的分析工作提供重要的方法借鉴.Abstract: The fault slip rate of is critical for understanding strain partitioning within a fault system and assessing seismic hazard. Tectonic geomorphology method can be used in constraining Quaternary slip rates in general. In the active fault system of Tibetan Plateau, the Haiyuan Fault Zone accommodates part of Indo-Asian convergence and its slip rate provides reference for understanding the mechanics of continental deformation. Thus, several slip rate studies have been carried out along the Haiyuan fault during the past 3 decades and the results range from 2.3 mm/a to 16 mm/a, which caused controversy and confusion. Based on a review of the previous studies, we point out that the main reason for the difference in previous studies is the choice of upper terrace and lower terrace reconstruction models. We infer that the upper and lower bound of slip rates are obtained based on the two models in general, which cannot be simply equated with the real slip rate value. When there is a lack of observational data to distinguish the reliability of the two models, a combination of upper and lower terrace abandonment age constraints can be used to bracket the slip rate. The method shows the respect and recognition of the objective uncertainty in the calculation process of slip rate. In addition, the evaluation of slip rates of Haiyuan fault zone can provide a basis for the identification of two end models of the Tibetan Plateau based on the intro-block faults deformation.
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Key words:
- fault slip rates /
- Haiyuan fault /
- geomorphology /
- river terrace risers /
- the upper and lower bound
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图 1 青藏高原东北缘主要活动断裂分布图
活动断裂修改自Tapponnier et al.（2001）
Fig. 1. Distribution of major active faults of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau region
图 2 海原断裂带区域构造图
Fig. 2. Map showing distribution of active faults in Haiyuan Fault area
图 3 滑动速率研究常用定年方法示意图
Fig. 3. Cartoon showing geochronological techniques used in slip rate researches
图 4 海原断裂带滑动速率分布图
Fig. 4. Map showing the distribution of slip rates sites of the Haiyuan Fault
图 5 马家湾点位地形解译与地形剖面图
Fig. 5. Geomorphic map and topographic profiles at Majiawan site of the Haiyuan Fault
图 6 三个墩点位地形解译与地形剖面图
Fig. 6. Geomorphic map and topographic profiles at Sangedun site of the Haiyuan Fault
图 7 上级阶地与下级阶地重建模型示意图
Fig. 7. Schematic diagrams showing the upper terrace and lower terrace reconstruction model
图 8 海原断裂带滑动速率评估结果以及三维分布图
Fig. 8. Slip rates reevaluation and 3D cartoon figure of Haiyuan Fault zone
图 9 下级阶地T1废弃伊始陡坎实际位移情况
Fig. 9. The terrace riser displacement at the beginning of lower terrace T1 abandonment
图 10 利用单一重建模型计算三个墩点位滑动速率原理图
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of slip rate used single reconstruction models at Sangedun
表 1 海原断裂带滑动速率分布表
Table 1. Distribution of slip rates sites of the Haiyuan Fault
年份 分段 位置 纬度(°E) 位错测量信息 定年信息 滑动速率(mm/a) 评估 参考文献信息 位错特征 测量依据 位错测量值(m) 定年手段 阶段 具体年龄 1988 海原段 哨马营 105.35~105.67 冲沟、阶地陡坎 野外实地考察、地形图 20~114 14C 全新世 4 820~16 370 a 8±2 下切入阶地的河流开始位错的时间比阶地废弃时间年轻，本研究得到的阶地废弃年龄偏老，判断结果为滑动速率下限 Zhang et al.（1988a) 1991 海原段 西华山 105.3 地质体、岩性分界 构造地质填图野外实地考察 12.9~14.8 根据岩性年代估计 新生代 3~1.5 Ma 5~10 传统地质学方法 Burchfiel et al.(1991) 1995 金强河段 三个墩 102.69 最高级阶地 SPOT影像、经纬仪测量、野外实地考察 143+36/-24 根据区域与全球古气候评估 晚第四纪 （13.5±2) ka ~11 缺少角度定年手段，滑动速率结果存疑 Gaudemer et al.(1995) 1997 毛毛山段 毛毛山 102.95~103.43 多级阶地 野外实地考察 15~540 14C、热释光与标准黄土剖面 晚第四纪 7.2~236 ka 2.3~3.9 缺少阶地位移的具体描述，无法判断上下限 袁道阳等(1997) 1998 六盘山段 孙家庄 106 水系偏转 图面识别、野外实地考察 10~300 TL、主观估计 晚第四纪 （15.7±1.3）ka 1~3 位移与年代的对应关系为作者推断得到，且TL测年方法已经被滑动速率领域淘汰 向宏发等(1998) 1999 老虎山段 马家湾 103.49 阶地陡坎 高精度航拍影像、1m精度DEM、野外实地考察 125±10 14C 晚第四纪 （8 487±66）~（14 185±169）a 11.9±1.1 采用下阶地重建模型，结果滑动速率上限，但采集于阶地表面沉积层的样品年龄小于阶地废弃年龄，真实上限值可能低于（12±4）mm/a Lasserre et al.(1999) 宣马湾 103.47 阶地陡坎 80±11 14C 全新世 （7 624±43）a > 10.5±1.4 采用了下阶地重建模型，得到的速率值为该点位滑动速率上限 2000 冷龙岭段 宁缠丫豁 101.85 冲沟 野外考察、全站仪地形实测、室内遥感解译 125±20 热释光、土壤剖面 全新世 29.0 ka 3.2~4.3 TL定年手段已不适用于滑动速率研究 何文贵等(2000) 2002 冷龙岭段 宁缠丫豁 101.85 冰碛地貌 航空影像、SPOT影像、野外实地考察 200±40 宇宙成因核素 晚更新世 （10 300±339）a (11±3)~(19±5) 利用年龄上下限给出了冰碛山脊滑动速率上下限，结果基本可靠，但年龄结果未经矫正，可能导致滑动速率上限偏高 Lasserre et al.(2002) 2009 海原段 哨马营 105.37 冲沟位错 地形图、全站仪、野外实地考察 49±2 14C 全新世 (10 150±160)~(13 489±310）a 4.2±0.8 采用上级阶地模型与下级阶地模型同时限定滑动速率的方法，给出了滑动速率上下限，与本文主旨一致 Li et al.(2009) 高湾子 105.18 阶地陡坎 28~68 14C (7 070±100)~(13 440±300) a 4.5±0.7 荒凉滩 104.57 冲沟位错 22±2 14C (3 200±125)~(7 960±180) a 5.0±2.5 2010 冷龙岭段 宁缠丫豁 101.83 冰碛地貌 全站仪地形检测野外实地考察 125±20 TL 晚第四纪 (29.7±3.1)~(37.8±4.1) ka 3.3~4.2 信息模糊，难以进行滑动速率上下限评估 何文贵等(2010) 讨拉柴陇 101.96 阶地陡坎 50±5 14C (12 665±110) a 3.9±0.36 采用了下级阶地重建模型，在年龄与位错无误的情况下，该值为滑动速率上限 2013 冷龙岭段 讨拉柴陇 101.96 阶地陡坎 dGPS地形检测、野外实地考察 (26±4)~(35±3.5) 14C 全新世 (6 955±85) a 4.4±0.7 利用上下级阶地同时限定起使年龄的方式给出了滑动速率上下限，与本文主旨一致 Zheng et al.(2013) 2017 冷龙岭段 牛头 102.08 冲沟位错 LiDAR解译、卫星影像数据、野外实地考察 67.9±0.9 14C、OSL 晚第四纪 (10 300±339) a 6.6±0.3 采用了Lasserre等（2002）的定年结果，年龄与位错关系并不清晰 Jiang et al.(2017) 2018 老虎山段 老虎山 103.38~103.53 阶地陡坎 LiDAR DEM、野外实地考察 T1/T0:7~14;T2/T1:28~36;T3/T2:59~66;T4/T3: 180~190 14C、OSL 晚第四纪 T1-T4: 1~3 ka, 9~11 ka, 15~17 ka, 40~45 ka 4.3±0.16 采用上阶地废弃年龄作为阶地陡坎位错的起始年龄，利用蒙特卡洛算法进行迭代计算拟合得到最终的滑动速率值，为滑动速率下限 刘金瑞等(2018) 2019 老虎山段 哈斯山 104.42 阶地陡坎 高精度卫星影像野外实地考察 (~5)~(~200) TCNs 晚第四纪 (9±3)~(44±7) ka 3.2±0.2 采用下阶地重建模型，最终结果为该分支断裂的滑动速率上限 Matrau et al.(2019) 2019 老虎山段 马家湾 103.49 阶地陡坎 LiDAR DEM野外实地考察 (93±15)~(130±10) 14C、OSL、TCNs 晚第四纪 (9 867±164) a~(26.0±4.5) ka 5.0+1.5/-1.1~8.9+0.5/-1.3 采用上下级阶地同时限定位错起始时间的做法，与本文主旨相同，给出了滑动速率上下限 Yao et al.（2019） 宣马湾 103.47 68+3/-10 14C 全新世 (7 624±43) a 2021 金强河段 三个墩 102.69 阶地面、阶地陡坎 TLS点云数据、RTK-GPS地形剖面、航空正射影像数据、野外实地考察 (6.5±1)~（88±9） 14C、OSL、TCNs 晚第四纪 (9.3±0.6)~(13.7±1.5) ka 5~8 Shao et al.（2021） 2022 老虎山段 哈思山 140.33 阶地陡坎、冲沟 基于sUAV获取的高精度DEM、正射影像、野外考察 11.3+5/-4~22.4+6.8/-4.5 宇宙成因核素、OSL 晚第四纪 (9.3±2.9)~13.0+0.8/-0.2 ka 4.1±0.6 该值为叠加了Matrau et al（2019）滑动速率之后的结果，是滑动速率下限 Yao et al.（2022） 
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