Provenance and Paleogeographic Significance of Upper Ordovician in NW Zhejiang: Evidence from Sedimentology, Clastic Composition and Chronology
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摘要: 华南板块早古生代构造-沉积演化存在诸多争议.浙西北地区位于毗邻江山-绍兴断裂带的扬子地块，晚奥陶世扬子地块东南缘发生碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩的沉积相转变，其沉积相时空展布与物源分析可为重建扬子地块东南缘古地理格局提供证据.通过沉积相详细解剖，砂岩碎屑组成、重矿物组合、地球化学及碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学分析，综合分析浙西北地区上奥陶统沉积物源，为重建该地区古地理格局及构造演化提供证据.浙西北地区晚奥陶世地层主要由砾岩、瘤状灰岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩组成，沉积序列、沉积相标志研究表明，研究区沉积于深海斜坡-浅海环境，沉积基底向北西方向倾斜.岩石学特征表明，砂岩以岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主，成分成熟度和结构成熟度较低，主要由石英（29%）、长石（18%）和岩屑（53%）组成.砂岩碎屑及砾石成分为安山岩、流纹岩、凝灰岩、花岗岩、板岩、千枚岩、石英岩、粉砂岩和燧石，表明混合物源的性质.砂岩碎屑重矿物中出现的辉石、铬铁矿、磁铁矿和石榴石颗粒，表明源区岩石含有镁铁质岩石和变质岩.地球化学分析表明，砂岩和粉砂岩沉积于活动陆缘环境，物源具有中酸性岛弧性质.碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄显示812 Ma和460 Ma的混合物源，早古生代物源可与陈蔡群配套.古水流方向指示物源方向为南东，主要来自于岛弧，扬子地块东南缘沉积于活动大陆边缘.Abstract: There are many controversies about the Early Paleozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution of the South China plate. The NW Zhejiang is located in the Yangtze block adjacent to the Jiangshan-Shaoxing fault zone, where sedimentary facies transformation of carbonate to clastic rocks occurred in SE Yangtze block during the Late Ordovician. The temporal and spatial distribution of sedimentary facies and provenance analysis can provide evidence for the reconstruction of paleogeography of the SE Yangtze block. Based on detailed analyses of sedimentary facies, sandstone clastic composition, heavy mineral assemblage, geochemistry and detrital zircon U-Pb chronology, in this paper it comprehensively analyzes the provenance of the Upper Ordovician in NW Zhejiang, providing evidence for the reconstruction of paleogeography and tectonic evolution of SE Yangtze block. The Late Ordovician strata in NW Zhejiang are mainly composed of conglomerate, nodular limestone, sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. Sedimentary sequence and facies symbol indicate that the study area was deposited in a deep-sea sloped-shallow sea environment, and the sedimentary basement was inclined to NW. The clastic rocks were mainly composed of lithic sandstones and feldspar lithic sandstones with low compositional and structural maturity and were mainly composed of quartz (29%), feldspar (18%) and lithic (53%). Sandstone clasts and gravel are mainly composed of andesite, rhyolite, tuff, granite, slate, phyllite, quartzite, siltstone and chert, indicating a mixed source. The presence of pyroxene, chromite, magnetite and garnet grains indicates that the source rocks contain mafic and metamorphic rocks. The geochemical analysis shows that the sandstones and siltstones were deposited in active continental margin environment, and the provenance is intermediate acid island arc. The detrital zircon U-Pb ages show a mixed source of ca. 812 Ma and ca. 460 Ma, and the Early Paleozoic provenance can be matched with the Chencai Group. The paleocurrent indicates an SE origin, the provenance comes primarily from the island arc, and the SE Yangtze block was deposited in an active continental margin.
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Key words:
- sedimentary facies /
- provenance /
- Upper Ordovician /
- active continental margin /
- NW Zhejiang /
- geochemistry /
- petrology
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图 1 华南地块大地构造简图（a）及扬子地块东南缘区域地质图（b）
图a据Zhao et al.（2012）；图b据Xu et al.（2012）
Fig. 1. Tectonic framework of South China block (a) and regional geological map of the SE Yangtze block (b)
图 2 研究区地质图及野外剖面位置（据浙江省区测队, 1967）
Fig. 2. Geological map and field profile location of the study area (after Zhejiang Provincial Survey Team, 1967)
图 3 浙西北地区上奥陶统沉积相组合及地层对比（饼图代表碎屑重矿物含量，玫瑰花图代表古流向）
Fig. 3. Sedimentary characteristics and stratigraphic correlation of the Upper Ordovician in the NW Zhejiang (pie chart represents detrital heavy mineral content and rose chart represents paleocurrent)
图 4 研究区上奥陶统沉积特征
a. 同沉积砾岩，钙质泥岩为基质，泥灰岩为砾石，龙潭剖面；b. 瘤状灰岩，瘤体成层状分布，新桥剖面；c. 纹层状灰黑色硅质泥岩，新桥剖面；d. 鲍马序列Tabd组合，堰口剖面；e. 鲍马序列Tcd、Tbd组合，箭头指示底侵蚀面，上骆家剖面；f. 包卷层理，新桥剖面；g. 重荷模构造，堰口剖面；h. 同沉积褶皱，上骆家剖面
Fig. 4. Sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Ordovician in the study area
图 5 研究区上奥陶统沉积特征
a.同沉积断层，上骆家剖面；b. 底侵蚀面，河沥溪剖面；c. 薄层砂岩与泥岩互层组成韵律，新桥剖面；d.潮汐层理，桐君山剖面；图e、d文昌组发育砾岩，砾石成分为凝灰岩（V）、砂岩/粉砂岩（S）、石英岩（Q）和燧石（C），桐君山剖面
Fig. 5. Sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Ordovician in the study area
图 6 上奥陶统砂岩碎屑类型显微照片（正交偏光）
矿物名称见表 1
Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of grain types of NW Zhejiang (crossed nicol)
图 7 上奥陶统砂岩分类判别图（据Pettijohn et al., 1987; Herron, 1988）
Fig. 7. Chemical classifications of the Upper Ordovician samples (after Pettijohn et al., 1987; Herron, 1988)
图 8 上奥陶统碎屑岩微量元素上地壳标准化配分模式
数据引自Rollinson（1993）；上地壳标准化值据Taylor and Mclennan（1985）
Fig. 8. Spider diagrams of the Upper Ordovician samples
图 9 上奥陶统碎屑岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分布模式
球粒陨石数据、UCC、PAAS数据引自Taylor and McLennan（1985），NASC数据引自Gromet et al.（1984）
Fig. 9. REE patterns of the Upper Ordovician samples
图 10 浙西北地区长坞组下段砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb谐和年龄图、相对概率和密度直方图
Fig. 10. Zircon U-Pb age concordia diagram and relative probability and density histogram plots
图 11 上奥陶统砂岩碎屑组分源区判别图解
Fig. 11. Ternary diagrams for sandstones of the Upper Ordovician
图 12 浙西北地区碎屑岩A-CN-K图解（a）及Th/Sc-Zr/Sc图解（b）
图a据Nesbitt and Young（1982）；图b据McLennan et al.（1993）
Fig. 12. Discrimination diagrams on A-CN-K (a) and Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc (b) diagram
图 13 浙西北地区碎屑岩物源区及构造背景判别图
a. La/Th-Hf判别图，据Floyd and Leveridge（1987）；b. Co/Th-La/Sc图解，据Gu et al.（2002）；c. TiO2-Ni图解，据Floyd et al.（1991）；d. Ti/Zr-La/Sc图解，据Bhatia and Crook（1986）
Fig. 13. Source rock and tectonic setting discrimination diagrams
图 14 浙西北地区上奥陶统长坞组样品与邻区碎屑锆石年龄图谱对比
赣南-闽西南（据Wan et al., 2007；Wang et al., 2010；Wu et al., 2010；Xu et al., 2010；Yu et al., 2010；Yao et al., 2011, 2015）；赣中东-闽西北据资料（据Wan et al., 2007；Li et al., 2011；Wang et al., 2014）；皖南-赣东北（据Li et al., 2007；Wang et al., 2013b, 2013c, 2014；Cui et al., 2015）
Fig. 14. Comparison of age spectra of detrital zircons between Upper Ordovician Changwu Formation samples and adjacent areas
图 15 浙西北地区与邻区碎屑锆石样品位置
Fig. 15. Location of detrital zircon samples in NW Zhejiang and adjacent areas
表 1 浙西北地区上奥陶统砂岩碎屑组成统计结果（颗粒数：个）
Table 1. Raw point-count data for Upper Ordvician sandstones from the NW Zhejiang
样号 N Qm Qpt P K Lvf Lvmi Lvl Lmv Lmm Lms Lmp Lsa Lsc Lsch Lsi Lg 文昌组 19JD56-1 426 106 9 40 20 105 37 16 30 3 6 22 6 1 20 4 1 19JD55-1 496 125 11 55 26 103 50 14 25 5 7 20 13 1 31 7 3 19XL11-1 507 120 11 60 30 88 43 10 27 8 12 35 18 0 42 2 1 20SLJ-3 480 110 20 66 21 110 48 7 19 1 14 15 20 3 20 1 5 20HG-25 428 90 21 41 34 79 55 3 20 9 4 19 11 2 27 13 0 20SLJ-5 427 87 15 59 27 91 31 9 18 4 4 27 9 4 33 3 6 20HLX-41 451 95 14 62 33 74 61 11 22 7 15 13 17 0 19 8 0 18TL1-18 430 136 17 42 25 52 21 13 29 11 23 21 5 0 18 8 9 20HG-24 451 151 19 50 22 63 14 8 11 25 14 15 7 3 31 9 9 20HG-23 417 122 53 18 44 35 12 6 25 20 22 23 5 4 17 7 4 长坞组 19JD71-1 463 112 28 58 18 100 25 5 33 2 14 20 12 4 21 9 2 19JD68-1 422 99 16 62 33 71 34 11 19 3 5 17 14 0 20 17 1 20XYZ-26 430 101 11 66 28 88 41 8 24 5 3 25 5 1 17 7 0 20XYZ-29 514 117 25 79 22 91 28 10 38 7 12 19 7 2 33 20 4 20XYZ-30 480 93 20 57 39 84 54 7 21 7 10 24 18 3 23 16 4 20HLX-37 398 86 13 60 40 76 39 8 15 4 1 16 9 3 12 13 3 注：N. 总碎屑颗粒数；Qm. 单晶石英颗粒；Qp. 多晶石英颗粒；P. 斜长石；K. 钾长石；Lvf. 长英质火山岩岩屑（霏细结构火山岩岩屑）；Lvmi. 微晶结构火山岩（安山岩）岩屑；Lvl. 板条状火山岩（玄武岩）岩屑；Lmv. 变火山岩岩屑；Lmm. 板岩岩屑；Lms. 云母石英片岩岩屑；Lmp. 千枚岩岩屑；Lsa. 泥岩、页岩岩屑；Lsc. 灰岩岩屑；Lsch. 硅质岩岩屑；Lsi. 粉砂岩岩屑；Lg. 花岗岩岩屑. 
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