Rare Earth Element Compositions for Oligocene-Miocene Sediments in Mentalle Basin of Southeastern Indian Ocean: Characteristics and Provenance Implications
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摘要: 为了探究东南印度洋曼达岬海盆（Mentelle Basin）内沉积物的源‒汇过程，利用国际大洋发现计划（IODP）369航次在该海盆内获取的渐新世‒中新世岩心沉积物，进行了稀土元素（REE）组成特征及其控制因素和物源指示意义的研究.结果显示，与球粒陨石、上地壳（UCC）和澳大利亚后太古代页岩（PAAS）这三种标准物质相比，所研究沉积物的稀土元素含量（ΣREE）与轻/重稀土含量比值（ΣLREE/ΣHREE）等总体特征与UCC最为相近，其UCC标准化后的稀土元素配分模式则呈现出轻稀土稍富集的整体平缓特征.样品的ΣREE与稀土分馏指标（La/Yb）UCC和（Gd/Yb）UCC明显受控于粒度效应与风化作用，而ΣLREE/ΣHREE、δEu、（La/Sm）UCC和（Sm/Nd）UCC则基本不受上述两种作用的影响.UCC标准化后的稀土元素配分模式、基于稀土元素组成的物源判别函数以及Zr-Th-Sc物源判别三角图均表明伊尔冈克拉通是所研究沉积物最可能的物源区，并且该物源区的主要源岩在13 Ma时由中基性岩向酸性岩转变.上述物源研究结果有望为东南印度洋地区渐新世‒中新世时期的古气候与古环境重建工作奠定坚实的基础.Abstract: In order to study the sedimentary source-to-sink processes for marine sediments deposited in the Mentalle Basin of Southeast Indian Ocean from the Oligocene to Miocene, here it conducts the rare earth element (REE) composition analysis on these sediments derived during the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 369. It characterizes the REE compositions and then analyzes their controlling factors and provenance significance. Among the three standard materials of the chondrite, the post Archean Australian shale (PAAS) and the Upper Continental Crust (UCC), the overall REE compositions of the sample sediment, including the REE contents (ΣREE) and the light REE/heavy REE ratio (ΣLREE/ΣHREE) is close to the characteristics of UCC. The variations of ΣREE, (La/Yb)UCC and (Gd/Yb)UCC are obviously affected by grain size and weathering processes, while ΣLREE/ΣHREE, δEu, (La/Sm)UCC and (Sm/Nd)UCC have no correlation with grain size and weathering proxy. The UCC-normalized REE patterns, discriminant function based on REE composition, and the triangular diagram of Zr-Th-Sc indicate that the Yilgarn Craton is the most likely provenance of Oligocene-Miocene terrestrial sediments from the Mentalle Basin. And the main weathering parent rocks of the Yilgarn Craton change from intermediate-mafic rocks to acidic rocks at 13 Ma. The above provenance research results will lay a solid foundation for the reconstruction of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment in the Southeast Indian Ocean from the Oligocene to Miocene.
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Key words:
- Mentalle Basin /
- Oligocene-Miocene /
- REE composition /
- sediment provenance /
- marine geology
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图 1 U1514站位位置与研究区域地质概况
红点为研究站位U1514，白线圈定了附近主要构造单元的大致范围（
http://www.ga.gov.au/map/national ）Fig. 1. The location of Site U1514 and geological background of the study area
图 3 U1514站位渐新世‒中新世沉积物粒度与REE组成特征剖面
阴影表示存在沉积间断的大致层位，虚线表示阶段二开始的最晚时间
Fig. 3. Grain size and REE compositions of the Oligocene-Miocene sediments at the Site U1514
图 4 U1514站位渐新世‒中新世沉积物的稀土元素标准化配分模式
a.球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分模式；b.澳大利亚后太古代页岩（PAAS）标准化的稀土元素配分模式；c.上地壳（UCC）标准化的稀土元素配分模式
Fig. 4. Normalized REE patterns of the Oligocene-Miocene sediments at the Site U1514
图 5 U1514站位渐新世‒中新世沉积物稀土元素组成及其潜在制约因素间的相关性分析结果
Fig. 5. Correlation analysis results between REE compositions and their potential controlling factors of Oligocene-Miocene sediments at the Site U1514
图 6 U1514站位渐新世‒中新世的ΣLREE/ΣHREE与(La/Sm)UCC特征及其与潜在物源区比较
Fig. 6. The ΣLREE/ΣHREE and (La/Sm)UCC of the Oligocene-Miocene sediments at the Site U1514 and their comparison with those of the potential provenances
图 7 U1514站位渐新世‒中新世沉积物的UCC标准化配分模式及其与潜在物源区比较
Fig. 7. UCC-normalized REE patterns of the Oligocene-Miocene sediments at the Site U1514 and their comparison with those of the potential provenances
图 8 U1514站位渐新世‒中新世的Zr、Th与Sc元素组成及其与潜在物源区比较
Fig. 8. The Zr, Th, and Sc compositions of the Oligocene-Miocene sediments at the Site U1514 and their comparison with those of the potential provenances
表 1 U1514站位渐新世‒中新世沉积物粒度及各粒级组分分布
Table 1. The sediment grain sizes and grain size composi- tions of the Oligocene-Miocene cores from the Site U1514
中值粒径（µm） 砂（%） 粉砂（%） 粘土（%） 阶段一渐新世与早中新世 平均值 15.26 9 80 11 标准偏差 2.32 3.81 3.87 4.33 变异系数 15 43 5 41 阶段二晚中新世 平均值 8.79 3 72 25 标准偏差 1.99 3.87 7.16 7.01 变异系数 23 145 10 28 全段 平均值 12.32 6 77 17 标准偏差 3.89 4.90 6.89 9.07 变异系数 32 81 9 53 
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表 2 U1514站位渐新世‒中新世沉积物样品REE（10-6）平均组成及其潜在物源区平均值比较
Table 2. Average REE compositions (10-6) of the Oligocene-Miocene sediments at the Site U1514 and comparison with those of the potential provenances
La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ΣREE ΣLREE ΣHREE ΣLREE/ΣHREE δCe δEu (La/Yb)UCC (La/Sm)UCC (Gd/ Yb)UCC (Sm/ Nd)UCC 阶段一 平均值 9.99 17.26 1.82 6.22 1.07 0.26 0.93 0.16 0.86 0.19 0.55 0.09 0.64 0.1 40.14 36.62 3.52 10.57 0.95 1.3 1.15 1.43 0.82 0.99 标准偏差 3.51 4.71 0.69 2.45 0.45 0.09 0.39 0.06 0.32 0.06 0.18 0.03 0.2 0.03 12.67 11.53 1.24 1.11 0.15 0.38 0.23 0.16 0.14 0.06 变异系数 35 27 38 39 42 35 42 40 37 35 33 33 31 30 32 31 35 11 16 29 20 11 17 7 阶段二 平均值 40 59.3 7.31 25.16 4.25 0.91 3.45 0.56 2.83 0.61 1.72 0.28 1.83 0.28 148.49 136.94 11.55 11.82 0.8 1.12 1.59 1.42 1.08 0.98 标准偏差 7.81 11.67 1.53 5.39 0.95 0.21 0.78 0.12 0.58 0.12 0.32 0.05 0.3 0.05 28.93 26.77 2.28 0.89 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.11 0.11 0.03 变异系数 20 20 21 21 22 23 22 22 21 19 18 18 16 17 19 20 20 8 10 11 11 8 10 3 全段 平均值 22.74 35.13 4.15 14.27 2.43 0.54 2 0.33 1.7 0.37 1.05 0.17 1.15 0.17 86.19 79.26 6.93 11.1 0.89 1.23 1.34 1.43 0.93 0.98 标准偏差 15.91 22.42 2.94 10.18 1.72 0.35 1.38 0.22 1.07 0.23 0.63 0.1 0.64 0.1 57.59 53.29 4.34 1.2 0.15 0.31 0.3 0.14 0.18 0.05 变异系数 70 64 71 71 71 66 69 66 63 62 60 57 55 55 67 67 63 11 17 25 22 10 20 5 球粒陨石 0.31 0.81 0.12 0.6 0.2 0.07 0.26 0.05 0.32 0.07 0.21 0.03 0.21 0.03 3.29 2.11 1.18 1.78 / / / / / / UCC 30 64 7.1 26 4.5 0.88 3.8 0.64 3.5 0.8 2.3 0.33 2.2 0.32 146.37 132.48 13.89 9.54 / / / / / / PAAS 41 83 10 38 7.5 1.61 6.35 1.2 5.49 1.3 3.75 0.55 3.51 0.61 203.87 181.11 22.76 7.96 / / / / / / 博物家海底高原 ELT55-12站位 5.44 12.63 / 7.69 2.38 0.95 / 0.5 / / / / 1.61 0.24 / / / / / / 0.09 0.16 / 2.34 264站位 19.47 43.52 5.13 20.78 4.81 1.53 5.09 0.81 4.79 0.91 2.51 0.36 2.1 0.3 112.11 95.24 16.87 5.65 0.99 1.45 0.68 0.61 1.4 1.34 奥尔巴尼-弗雷泽造山带 8.67 18.72 2.35 10.91 2.67 0.92 2.98 0.46 2.97 0.62 1.73 / 1.59 0.23 54.81 44.24 10.58 3.93 0.83 1.63 0.38 0.48 1.05 1.49 利文地块 100.64 203.78 24.14 86.83 18.26 3.21 21.33 2.69 13.32 2.63 7.55 1.09 6.65 0.97 493.08 436.85 56.23 8.68 0.95 0.88 1.01 0.83 1.83 1.23 伊尔冈克拉通 花岗岩 72.57 137.29 / 42.57 7.3 0.89 5.73 0.89 4.97 / 2.84 / 2.61 / / / / / / 0.75 2.39 1.49 1.47 1.03 绿岩 50.09 93.66 9.82 35.28 6.24 1.2 5.34 0.82 4.83 0.96 2.85 0.39 2.8 0.43 203.06 186.34 16.72 11.08 0.96 1.01 1.33 1.2 1.13 1.02 珀斯盆地玄武岩 9.65 22.72 3.14 14.81 4.64 1.54 6.14 1.04 6.39 1.36 3.68 0.56 3.22 0.5 79.38 56.5 22.88 2.48 0.94 1.36 0.22 0.32 1.1 1.8 注：U1514站位数据为本次研究结果；UCC为上地壳，PAAS为澳大利亚后太古代页岩(Taylor and McLennan, 1985)；博物家海底高原据 Mahoney et al.(1995) 和Pyle et al.(1995) ；伊尔冈克拉通据Qiu et al.(1999) 和Chen et al.(2003) ；珀斯盆地据Olierook et al.(2016) ；利文地块据Wilde and Nelson(2001)；奥尔巴尼‒弗雷泽造山带据Kirkland et al.(2015) 和Maier et al.(2016) .
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表 3 U1514站位渐新世‒中新世沉积物中REE与中值粒径间相关性分析结果
Table 3. Correlation analysis results between REE and median grain size of the Oligocene-Miocene sediments at the Site U1514
中值粒径
（μm）砂
（%）粉砂（%） 粘土（%） Al
（%）Th
(10-6)Zr
(10-6)Mg
（%）Th/Al Zr/Al Mg/Al 中值粒径（μm） 1 0.91 0.63 -0.92 -0.89 -0.87 -0.88 -0.84 -0.59 -0.34 0.85 ΣREE (10-6) -0.89 -0.77 -0.65 0.85 0.96 0.99 0.97 0.86 0.69 0.46 -0.92 ΣLREE/ΣHREE -0.52 -0.51 -0.38 0.53 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.37 0.30 0.23 -0.47 δCe 0.60 0.57 0.33 -0.52 -0.51 -0.52 -0.50 -0.45 -0.41 -0.31 0.47 δEu 0.35 0.22 0.25 -0.29 -0.35 -0.34 -0.39 -0.38 -0.22 -0.44 0.32 (La/Yb)UCC -0.76 -0.70 -0.52 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.63 0.50 0.38 -0.66 (La/Sm)UCC 0.18 0.08 0.16 -0.15 -0.09 -0.15 -0.11 -0.15 -0.29 -0.19 0.03 (Gd/Yb)UCC -0.80 -0.69 -0.57 0.76 0.70 0.76 0.73 0.65 0.65 0.45 -0.63 (Sm/Nd)UCC 0.03 0.13 0.00 -0.07 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 0.09 -0.02 0.03 0.10
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表 4 U1514站位渐新世与中新世沉积物来源判别函数结果
Table 4. Discrimination function results for provenances of Oligocene and Miocene sediments at the Site U1514
博物家海底高原 奥尔巴尼‒弗雷泽造山带 利文地块 伊尔冈克拉通 珀斯盆地 花岗岩 绿岩 阶段一渐新世与早中新世 0.58 0.34 0.20 0.06 0.06 0.45 阶段二晚中新世 0.58 0.34 0.20 0.05 0.04 0.46 全段 0.58 0.34 0.20 0.06 0.05 0.45
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