Geothermometry Calculation and Geothermal Fluid Evolution of Karst Geothermal Reservoir in Longmen County, Guangdong Province
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摘要: 岩溶地热系统具有巨大的能源开发潜力，广东省龙门县马星和隔陂地热异常区是两个典型的岩溶地热田.为探究热储温度及流体演化特征，基于离子比值关系、氘氧同位素、地温计等方法对其进行分析讨论.结果表明研究区为中性偏碱性低TDS的HCO3型地热水，方解石类碳酸盐矿物和硅酸盐矿物溶解及阳离子交换作用共同控制了水化学演化过程.大气降水是区内地热水的主要补给来源，马星和隔陂地热田的热储温度分别约为105.0~148.0 ℃和101.5~131.0 ℃，冷水混入的体积比约为44.2%和48.5%.在热储水化学及温度特征的基础上，建立了流体演化概念模型.Abstract: Karst geothermal systems hold enormous potential for geothermal exploitation. The Maxing and Gepi geothermal anomaly areas are typical geothermal fields in Longmen County, Guangdong Province. The temperature and fluid evolution of geothermal reservoir can be clarified, with the analysis of ion ratio relationship, δD and δ18O isotopes, and geothermal thermometers et.al. It is indicated that silicate minerals, carbonate minerals such as calcite dissolution, and accompanying cation exchange control the hydrochemistry evolution, thus forming slightly alkaline HCO3-type geothermal water with lower TDS in the study area. The results suggest that atmospheric precipitation is the main recharge source. The reservoir temperature is 105.0-148.0 ℃ and 101.5-131.0 ℃ for Maxing and Gepi geothermal reservoir respectively, with a lower temperature during upwelling caused by mixing with cold water up to 44.2% and 48.5% dilution. In this case, a conceptual model for geothermal fluid evolution is proposed based on the geothermal water hydrochemistry and reservoir temperature characteristics.
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图 1 研究区位置及地质简图(a)以及A-B地质剖面(b)
Q.第四系；C1c.石炭系下统测水组；C1sh.石炭系石磴子组；D3C1m.泥盆系上统帽子峰组；D3t.泥盆系天子岭组；D2-3ch.泥盆系中统春湾组；K1γ.早白垩世花岗岩
Fig. 1. The location and geological sketch map of the study area (a), and geological cross-section sketch of A-B (b)
图 3 地热水主要离子关系
$ { CAI }\; 1=\left[\mathrm{Cl}^{-}-\left(\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\mathrm{K}^{+}\right)\right] / \mathrm{Cl}^{-}, {CAI }\; 2=\left[\mathrm{Cl}^{-}-\left(\mathrm{Na}^{+}+\mathrm{K}^{+}\right)\right] /\left[\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}+\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}+\mathrm{CO}_3{ }^{2-}+\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}\right]$
Fig. 3. Major ion ratio relation of geothermal waters
图 4 研究区地热水样品Na-K-Mg三线图
Fig. 4. Na-K-Mg ternary plot for the geothermal water samples in the study area
图 6 地热水矿物饱和指数与温度关系
Fig. 6. Variation of temperature with mineral lg(Q/K) values in geothermal water samples
表 1 马星和隔陂地热水位置及水化学特征
Table 1. Location and water chemistry information of geothermal water in Maxing and Gepi
马星地热田 隔陂地热田 ZK-1 ZK-2 ZK-9 FL SL LZQ ZK-4 ZK-5 ZK-6 ZK-8 KL 纬度(北纬) 23°34′10″ 23°34′10″ 23°34′14″ 23°34′11″ 23°34′8″ 23°34′13″ 23°34′27″ 23°34′31″ 23°34′31″ 23°34′32″ 23°34′56″ 经度(东经) 113°59′51″ 113°59′58″ 113°59′54″ 113°59′46″ 113°59′4″ 113°59′50″ 113°59′18″ 113°59′13″ 113°59′18″ 113°59′17″ 113°59′36″ 实测温度(℃) 69.0 32.0 42.1 64.5 63.4 59.4 75.0 64.8 54.5 40.9 66.4 pH 7.58 7.81 7.56 7.36 7.07 7.51 7.91 7.66 7.68 7.83 7.92 TDS (mg/L) 180.2 84.6 181.3 233.0 367.0 169.5 159.2 129.8 108.3 99.1 193.1 DO (mg/L) 4.33 3.71 4.47 3.37 4.31 3.57 3.48 3.89 3.94 4.91 4.30 ORP (mV) 294.2 208.2 244.4 296.5 226.6 208.4 241.2 293.1 275.1 223.7 231.6 COND(μS/cm) 375 178 376 480 751 352 392 312 260 235 402 Ca2+ (mg/L) 24.72 41.77 52.66 41.86 115.70 21.45 10.21 28.18 46.48 57.08 22.88 K+ (mg/L) 5.60 3.01 5.09 7.34 8.74 5.66 6.28 3.91 2.32 1.60 5.93 Mg2+(mg/L) 0.64 8.25 2.61 1.22 9.51 0.46 0.26 1.58 4.51 5.68 0.53 Na+ (mg/L) 92.89 6.70 65.87 108.40 116.20 91.99 86.50 48.37 19.77 9.07 104.10 Si (mg/L) 40.93 16.80 29.63 38.43 37.00 39.75 43.43 26.04 14.60 9.00 41.90 F‒ (mg/L) 8.39 1.91 4.75 9.27 8.61 9.43 13.45 6.29 2.97 1.71 9.77 Cl‒ (mg/L) 9.34 3.06 5.46 10.58 10.81 8.91 9.66 5.49 4.04 3.59 11.13 SO42 ‒(mg/L) 24.85 5.50 68.65 109.40 368.30 21.20 23.65 20.03 17.38 15.06 33.05 HCO3‒(mg/L) 298.2 155.0 259.5 266.6 249.2 284.1 230.0 195.7 179.2 171.7 305.1 δ18OVSMOW (‰) ‒7.05 ‒6.05 ‒6.42 / / ‒6.95 ‒7.06 ‒6.22 ‒5.99 ‒5.92 / δDVSMOW (‰) ‒43.75 ‒37.84 ‒39.80 / / ‒44.16 ‒44.09 ‒38.69 ‒37.06 ‒36.78 / 注：“/”为未检测. 
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表 2 马星和隔陂地热田水样矿物饱和指数
Table 2. Mineral saturation index (SI) of geothermal water samples in Maxing and Gepi
采样点 水样 方解石 盐岩 白云石 硬石膏 石膏 玉髓 石英 马星地
热田ZK-1 0.59 ‒7.73 0.06 ‒2.43 ‒2.54 0.26 0.57 ZK-2 0.38 ‒9.26 0.47 ‒3.17 ‒2.98 0.24 0.65 ZK-9 0.50 ‒8.06 0.18 ‒2.00 ‒1.87 0.51 0.89 FL 0.45 ‒7.61 ‒0.18 ‒1.70 ‒1.76 0.33 0.65 SL 0.45 ‒7.60 0.25 ‒0.93 ‒0.98 ‒0.13 0.20 LZQ 0.35 ‒7.73 ‒0.46 ‒2.66 ‒2.67 ‒0.31 0.03 隔陂地热田 ZK-4 0.48 ‒7.72 ‒0.17 ‒2.72 ‒2.89 0.06 0.35 ZK-5 0.53 ‒8.22 0.30 ‒2.48 ‒2.54 0.27 0.59 ZK-6 0.61 ‒8.72 0.72 ‒2.47 ‒2.44 0.41 0.75 ZK-8 0.66 ‒9.09 0.80 ‒2.58 ‒2.44 0.49 0.87 KL 0.84 ‒7.60 0.54 ‒2.40 ‒2.49 0.08 0.40
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