A New Record of Characteristics of Droughts and Floods in Yuan River Basin: Paleohydrological Values of Ancient Building
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摘要: 湖南省沅水下游分布着众多以水神庙为代表的古建筑.在古代，作为水神信仰的水神庙依水而建，以祈求水上交通安全、指引航道为主.解读古建筑的古水文价值，探讨沅水流域历史时期旱涝特征，为研究区域气候变化提供参考.由于水神庙等古建筑依水而建的特殊性，所以它的遗址标记了古代沅水的岸线；另一方面，古建筑的建造基座高于当年水位高度.用古建筑的位置和基座高程等数据重建历史上沅水下游河道变迁和旱涝特征.水神庙为代表的古建筑集中于沅水下游流域平原区和丘陵与平原过渡带，与历史时期河道变迁和旱涝特征等古水文环境有较好的对应性.镇龙阁水神庙实证了当地水域为古河道；武陵区石柜指示了在五代十国时期为极度干旱期，康熙年间为洪水期，通过计算得出古建筑40 m为干湿气候平均值，高于40 m为洪水泛滥期，即气候温暖期，低于40 m则为干旱期，即气候寒冷期，为古气候研究提供重要价值.Abstract: Many ancient buildings represented by Water Temples are located in the lower reach of the Yuan River in Hunan Province. In ancient times, due to the worship of water god, the water god temples were generally built near, water, mainly for praying for the safety of water transportation and facilitating the navigation. In this paper it interprets the paleohydrological value of ancient buildings, explores the characteristics of droughts and floods in the history of the Yuan River basin, and provides references for the study of regional climate change. Because of the special nature of ancient buildings such as the Water God Temple built by water, so its site marked the ancient shoreline of the Yuan River. In addition, the ancient buildings were built on bases higher than the height of the water level in that year. Data such as the location of the ancient buildings and the elevation of their bases were used to reconstruct the historical river channel changes and drought and flood characteristics of the lower reach of the Yuan River. The ancient buildings represented by the Water God Temple are concentrated on the plain area and the transition zone between hills and plains in the downstream of Yuan River, which corresponds well with the paleohydrological environment such as river channel changes and drought and flood characteristics in the history. The Water God Temple in Zhenlongge proves that the local water is an ancient river channel; the stone cabinet in Wuling District indicates an extremely dry period during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period and a flood period during the Kangxi period, the average value of dry and wet climate is calculated for 40 meters from the ancient buildings; above 40 meters is the flooding period, it's the warm climate period, and below 40 meters is the dry period, it's the cold climate period, which provides important values for ancient climate research.
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图 2 沅水下游流域40个水神庙遗址分布
Fig. 2. Distribution map of 40 Water Temple sites in the downstream of Yuan River
图 3 沅水下游流域旱涝指数分析
Fig. 3. Analysis map of drought and flood index in the downstream of Yuan River
图 4 镇龙阁水神庙在明末清初地图上的位置
Fig. 4. Location map of Zhenlongge Water Temple in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty
图 6 6个古石柜岸线点
1.武陵区落路口石柜；2.武陵区沙湾石柜；3.武陵区笔架城石柜；4.武陵区花猫堤石柜；5.武陵区下南门石柜；6.武陵区四风寺石柜
Fig. 6. Six shoreline points of ancient Stone Cabinets
图 7 唐末以来沅水下游流域旱涝指数与石柜高程对比分析
Fig. 7. Comparative analysis of drought and flood index and stone cabinet elevation in the downstream of Yuan River since late Tang Dynasty
表 1 沅水下游水神庙信息
Table 1. Information of Water Temple in the downstream of Yuan River
序号 定位名 经度（°） 纬度（°） 海拔高程（m) 简况 1 常德市武陵区城西街道办事处落路口石柜 111.660 056 1 29.029 135 99 42.0 是常德古城重要的防洪防水设施，大致呈梯形状，始建于乾隆三十四年（1769年）. 2 常德市武陵区城西街道办事处沙湾石柜 111.696 259 4 29.023 619 02 33.9 城东三官殿沙湾石柜，建于五代十国时期（923年），位于城堤外沅水北岸. 3 常德市武陵区城西街道办事处光明巷社区笔架城石柜 111.683 247 4 29.031 354 01 39.0 现柜体东西弧形，东西长84 m，北部与常德防洪大堤相接，从柜体弧顶往北长22 m，高7 m，始建于宋朝960年左右. 4 常德市武陵区城西街道办事处西堤社区沅安路花猫堤石柜 111.673 130 6 29.033 249 24 44.0 位于沅水北岸防洪大堤之内，始建于清康熙七年（1668年），石柜的柜体呈三角形，原采用石块和条面砌筑而成. 5 常德市武陵区城西街道办事处西堤小区上南门石柜 111.677 279 5 29.032 889 78 42.0 始建于唐末五代初（907年）时期，一直保留至今，已有一千多年历史. 6 常德市武陵区城东街道办事处皇木关社区二组四风寺石柜 111.700 777 8 29.001 916 70 41.0 位于沅水东岸，始建于明万历四十八年（1572年），后清乾隆三十一年（1767年）重修. 7 常德市武陵区南坪街道竹根潭村水府庵 111.667 904 8 29.070 049 36 33.8 清同治元年（1862年）古人为祈求出行平安，曾在这里修建一座水府庵，供奉穿紫河河神. 8 常德市鼎城区牛鼻滩镇芷湾村万善寺 111.824 149 7 29.010 795 08 39.7 万善寺，始建于宋朝，宋端宗赵昰景炎三年（1278年）所建，迄今已有700多年历史. 9 常德市鼎城区镇德桥镇水浒庙社区锥子塔 111.828 012 8 29.138 756 32 51.3 镇德桥属湖区，清咸丰年间（1851年），为镇水患在塔水桥桥边建起一座庙，名水浒庙. 10 常德市鼎城区斗姆湖镇双堰岗村添嗣仙寺 111.641 137 2 28.905 263 28 55.0 天子岗，又名添嗣岗，位于双堰岗村，为南宋鼎澧农民起义首领钟相出生地.清末（1898年）建添嗣仙寺，寺前有宝塔屹立，今天没有复建. 11 常德市桃源县桃花源镇水溪村水府阁 111.428 887 2 28.800 412 96 109.8 水府阁始建于明代（1368年），高踞桃源山之巅，有“潇湘一阁”之称誉. 12 常德市桃源县漳江镇沅水风光带文昌阁 111.484 609 2 28.903 882 95 41.6 位于县城沅水风光带石柜东侧，原名川上亭.始建于元延祐六年（1319年），毁于元末.明嘉靖二十五年（1546年）、明万历七年（1579年）两次重修.清康熙五十一年（1712年）重建，改现名. 13 常德市桃源县漳江镇沅水风光带石柜 111.483 066 4 28.901 876 15 49.0 位于县城沅水风光带上，始建于元延佑七年（1320年），明嘉靖十六年（1537年），万历三十六年（1608年），清乾隆四十五年（1780年）三次重修. 14 常德市桃源县漳江镇漳江阁 111.488 543 8 28.911 824 97 40.6 漳江阁始建于明洪武年间（1368年），被日寇空袭炸毁，民国三十七年重建. 15 常德市桃源县沙坪镇万寿宫居委会万寿宫 111.313 420 0 28.642 620 00 94.0 沙坪古街中段，建有一万寿宫，建筑古色古香，建造于清乾隆三十五年（1770年），1960年代末期被拆，现已改修医院. 16 常德市桃源县沙坪镇沙坪大队风雨桥杨泗庙 111.310 930 6 28.641 633 27 64.0 清末（1898年），在沙坪上街口澄溪上，建有一座风雨桥，取名大桥，桥长70米，宽3米，桥面有长廊式桥亭，于20世纪70年代被拆除. 17 常德市桃源县凌津滩镇穿石村伏波宫 111.239 190 7 28.744 231 54 61.7 伏波宫位于凌津滩镇穿石村，始建于明朝（1368年）居沅水北岸.亭后伏波宫内供奉马援、杨泗将军等神像，1992年重修. 18 常德市桃源县剪市镇剪家溪居委会天台山庙 111.382 121 6 28.783 721 11 69.2 口述：明洪武九年（1376年）建，1956年毁，2012年村民募捐重建. 19 常德市桃源县夷望溪镇兴隆街乡牧马口村莲花寺 111.150 769 6 28.835 526 64 63.0 口述：唐朝（618年）时所建，1950年左右摧毁. 20 常德市桃源县夷望溪镇兴隆街乡夷望溪风景区水心庵 111.143 087 0 28.828 089 17 91.7 又名“冰心岩”，南宋初期（1127年）洞庭湖区农民起义领袖杨幺，在此山顶安营扎寨，设置祭坛，拜祷苍天. 21 常德市桃源县双溪口镇杨家坪村云头仙山庙 111.360 883 9 29.235 938 62 64.8 明洪武二十五（1392年）前后，因为有界溪、汤溪两条溪水在此相交汇合，故名双溪口. 22 常德市桃源县陬市镇枫树维吾尔族回族村杨泗庙 111.496 004 2 29.046 415 41 34.8 样泗桥位于陬市，“陬”即聚集之意，始建于明末清初（1600年），这里因三条河流汇聚于此形成的集市而得名. 23 常德市桃源县剪市镇八公桥村雪桃山庙 111.373 423 8 28.819 333 72 38.9 八公桥村杨泗庙位于桃源中南部的剪市镇，始建于南宋时期（1127-1279年）之间，毁于文革期间，后重建3次. 24 常德市桃源县剪市镇八公桥村峨眉山仙殿 111.368 436 6 28.802 263 39 89.4 口述：清代时期，文化大革命初期摧毁，1982重建. 25 常德市桃源县剪市镇八公桥村七姑仙殿 111.369 239 7 28.814 911 77 97.0 口述：明朝时期（1368年）建，毁于文革时期，1980年重建. 26 常德市桃源县剪市镇玉皇殿村五凤山殿 111.352 842 1 28.837 250 08 109.3 口述：明朝时期建，文化大革命时摧毁，1988重建. 27 常德市桃源县剪市镇玉皇殿村九龙仙山殿 111.361 777 7 28.844 152 16 112.7 口述：清代时期建，200多年历史，文革时期摧毁. 28 常德市汉寿县龙阳街道宝塔河社区南禅寺古塔 111.976 103 5 28.902 855 12 35.5 文峰塔，始建于明嘉靖年间（1522年），清康熙元年（1662年）重建，塔七级八面，高33.27米.沅水绕寺. 29 常德市汉寿县崔家桥镇蔺家山村杨泗庙 112.054 257 5 28.713 309 73 64.8 位于县境东南部，地处丘陵山区，地势南高北低，大桥水系源于林家冲林场，流经蔺家山. 30 常德市汉寿县崔家桥镇毓德铺社区杨泗庙 112.020 825 8 28.753 886 99 39.6 始建于公元一一三三年建，毁于1958年，2013年重建. 31 常德市汉寿县聂家桥乡太子庵村太子庵 111.818 872 4 28.906 494 12 43.0 地形西南高东北低，三面环水，中呈盆状，地处沧浪上游顶端. 32 常德市汉寿县龙阳街道宝塔河社区镇龙阁 111.976 171 3 28.919 078 62 31.7 镇龙阁现已毁，上面修建汉寿第二中学. 33 常德市汉寿县太子庙镇太子庙 111.946 782 5 28.772 359 28 57.2 太子庙素有千年古镇之称. 34 常德市汉寿县坡头镇永丰苑村杨泗庙 112.134 990 9 28.918 898 75 37.8 镇境为西湖区水陆交通枢纽.清代时期建，1960年摧毁. 35 常德市汉寿县酉港镇庙咀村水府寺 112.110 587 0 29.067 737 88 34.2 酉港因酉水河得名，建于清代光绪元年，1954年冲垮水府寺，有一座宝塔，1962年塔已毁. 36 常德市汉寿县洋淘湖镇冲天村杨泗庙 112.145 739 1 28.867 448 32 32.5 洋淘湖镇位于洞庭湖西滨，属冲积平原，呈锅型，周边高，中间低. 37 常德市汉寿县龙阳街道城北社区尚品也园杨泗庙 111.964 709 0 28.912 692 41 39.2 龙阳镇北濒沅水，南界上有沧浪河，流经境内长10.63 km. 38 常德市汉寿县百禄桥镇孔家湖村洪沽洲龙王庙 112.287 646 4 28.830 828 21 29.2 位于汉寿县百禄桥境内与沅水县的交界处，建于唐太宗八年（635年）清代乾隆年间重修扩建，1956年拆毁，1992年重建. 39 常德市汉寿县罐头嘴镇苏家吉村杨泗庙 111.964 544 5 29.000 216 58 38.4 苏家吉位于罐头嘴镇境内，地处雪峰山余脉向洞庭湖延伸地带. 40 常德市汉寿县聂家桥乡白马村白马庙 111.76 797 97 28.874 927 87 50.5 白马村地形西南高东北低，三面环水，中呈盆状，地处沧浪上游顶端，水源十分丰富. 
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