Distribution and Controlling Factors of Dolostone in Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 白云岩的强抗压溶能力是龙王庙组深层‒超深层碳酸盐岩储层孔隙保存的关键，但现今发现龙王庙组白云岩时空分布存在较大差异，为了完善龙王庙组白云岩储层的分布预测，白云岩类型与分布、白云岩化机制与模式成为期待解决的关键问题.运用岩石学、沉积学、层序地层学和地球化学，围绕白云岩发育分布，取得了以下认识.四川盆地龙王庙组发育五类与白云岩化相关的岩石类型.白云岩的时空分布受古地貌和海平面升降的控制，平面上，白云岩主要分布在川中古隆起和川北中部；垂向上，白云岩分布受三级和四级海平面升降控制，三级层序中上部的四级层序白云岩化程度高；白云岩化流体为海水或一定蒸发程度的海水，并建立了三种准同生白云岩化模式.Abstract: The strong pressure dissolution resistance of dolostone is the key to the preservation of deep-ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs in the Longwangmiao Formation. However, it is found that there are great differences in the spatial and temporal distribution of dolostone in the Longwangmiao Formation. In order to improve the distribution prediction of dolostone reservoir in the Longwangmiao Formation, the type and distribution of dolostone, dolomitization mechanism and model have become the key issues to be solved. Based on petrology, sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy and geochemistry, this study focuses on the development and distribution of dolostone in the Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin. As a result, the following understandings are obtained. Five rock types related to dolostone have been identified in the Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin. The spatial and temporal distribution of dolostone is controlled by the paleogeomorphology and the sea level fluctuation. The dolostone is mainly distributed in the central Sichuan uplift and the central part of northern Sichuan Basin. The vertical distribution of dolostone is controlled by the coupling of the 3rd order and 4th order sea level change. The 4th order sequence, located in the middle and upper parts of the 3rd order sequence, has high dolomitization degree. The dolomitization fluid in the Longwangmiao Formation is seawater or seawater with a certain degree of evaporation, and three penecontemporaneous dolomitization models are established in the Longwangmiao Formation.
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图 1 四川盆地龙王庙组沉积相与寒武系地层柱状图（据杜金虎等，2015；杨伟强等，2020修改）
Fig. 1. Sedimentary facies of the Longwangmiao Formation and Cambrian stratigraphic histogram of the Sichuan Basin (modified after Du et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2020)
图 2 四川盆地龙王庙组白云岩显微薄片照片
a.砂质白云岩，单偏光，福成；b.照片a同视域阴极光下照片，陆源碎屑石英不发光或者发蓝色光，福成；c.白云质砂岩，单偏光，正源；d.照片c同视域阴极光下照片，陆源碎屑石英不发光，正源；e.泥粉晶白云岩，单偏光，杨坝；f.照片e同视域阴极光下照片，整体发光较暗，杨坝；g.细晶白云岩，单偏光，福成；h.照片g同视域阴极光下照片，整体不发光，福成；i.鲕粒颗粒白云岩，单偏光，高石10；j.照片i同一视域阴极光下照片，鲕粒发光较暗，粒间胶结物发光较亮，高石10；k.砂屑颗粒白云岩，单偏光，杨坝；l.照片k同视域阴极光下照片，整体发光较暗，部分颗粒稍亮，杨坝；m.砂屑白云质灰岩，单偏光，福成；n.照片m同视域阴极光下照片，整体发光较暗，云化颗粒发光较亮，福成；o.泥晶白云质灰岩，单偏光，板凳沟；p.照片o同视域阴极光下照片，整体发光较暗，云化部分发光稍亮，板凳沟
Fig. 2. Microscopic photos of the dolostone of the Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin
图 3 四川盆地北部龙王庙组白云岩东西向展布
Fig. 3. East-west distribution of dolostone in the Longwangmiao F ormation, northern Sichuan Basin
图 4 川中-川东龙王庙组白云岩东西向展布规律
Fig. 4. East-west distribution of dolostone, Longwangmiao F ormation, central and eastern Sichuan Basin
图 5 川东南龙王庙组白云岩侧向展布
Fig. 5. Laterally distribution of dolostone in the Longwangmiao Formation in the southeast Sichuan Basin
图 6 四川盆地龙王庙组白云岩垂向分布
Fig. 6. Vertical distribution of dolostone in the Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin
图 7 四川盆地龙王庙组不同岩石类型有序度、白云石含量
Fig. 7. Dolomite content and order degree of different rock types in the Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin
图 8 四川盆地龙王庙组不同岩石类型碳氧同位素
Fig. 8. Carbon and oxygen isotopes of different rock types in the Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin
图 9 四川盆地龙王庙组不同岩石类型Sr同位素
a.四川盆地；b.川中地区；c.川北地区；d.川东‒川东南地区
Fig. 9. Sr isotopes of different rock types of the Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin
图 10 川北地区龙王庙组白云岩分布与白云岩化模式
Fig. 10. Distribution and dolomitization model of the Longwangmiao Formation, northern Sichuan Basin
图 11 川中龙王庙组白云岩分布与白云岩化模式
Fig. 11. Distribution and dolomitization model of the Longwangmiao Formation, central Sichuan Basin
图 12 川东南地区龙王庙组白云岩分布与白云岩化模式
Fig. 12. Distribution and dolomitization model of the Longwangmiao Formation, southeast Sichuan Basin
表 1 四川盆地龙王庙组δ18O、δ13C、 87Sr/86Sr数据
Table 1. δ18O, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr of the Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin
样品
编号岩性 δ18O(‰) δ13C(‰) 87Sr/86Sr 样品
编号岩性 δ18O(‰) δ13C(‰) 87Sr/86Sr BDG-1 白云质灰岩 ‒9.1 0.1 0.709 7 GS10-1 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.0 ‒0.1 0.709 4 BDG-2 白云质灰岩 ‒9.1 0.2 0.709 0 GS10-2 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.9 0.1 / BDG-3 白云质灰岩 ‒7.4 0.4 0.709 4 GS10-3 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.1 ‒0.1 0.709 4 BDG-4 灰岩 / / 0.709 1 GS10-4 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.4 ‒0.2 / BDG-5 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.6 ‒0.5 0.709 2 GS10-5 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.4 ‒0.2 / BDG-6 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.0 0.1 0.709 5 GS10-6 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.5 ‒0.1 0.709 4 BDG-7 灰岩 ‒7.0 0.6 0.709 1 GS10-7 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.1 ‒0.1 0.709 4 FC-1 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.6 0.1 0.711 9 GS10-8 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.3 ‒0.2 / FC-2 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.0 0.7 / GS10-9 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.2 ‒0.2 / FC-3 云质混积岩 ‒8.1 0.8 / GS10-10 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.4 ‒0.2 / FC-4 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒8.0 0.4 0.722 2 GS10-11 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.2 0.1 / FC-5 云质混积岩 ‒7.7 1.4 / GS10-12 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.9 ‒0.7 0.710 5 FC-6 云质混积岩 ‒8.4 0.6 0.716 7 GS10-13 云质混积岩 ‒7.8 ‒0.9 / FC-7 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.6 ‒0.2 / GS10-14 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.3 ‒1.0 / FC-8 颗粒白云岩 ‒8.1 0.1 / GS10-15 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.4 ‒0.9 / FC-9 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.3 0.6 / GS10-16 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.2 ‒1.1 / FC-10 细中晶白云岩 ‒7.5 0.6 / GS10-17 云质混积岩 ‒7.5 ‒1.2 0.711 8 FC-11 白云质灰岩 ‒8.1 0.1 0.708 9 GS10-18 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.3 ‒0.6 / FC-12 白云质灰岩 ‒7.7 ‒0.3 / GS10-19 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.8 0.1 / FC-13 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.0 0.3 / GS10-20 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.3 ‒0.6 0.714 9 FC-14 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.8 ‒0.1 / GS10-21 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.5 0.3 / FC-15 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.3 0.1 0.710 0 GS10-22 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.9 0.1 0.709 9 FC-16 白云质灰岩 ‒8.3 0.1 / GS10-23 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.6 0.1 / FC-17 白云质灰岩 ‒8.6 ‒0.2 / GS10-24 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.5 0.1 / FC-18 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.9 0.6 / GS10-25 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.5 0.1 0.710 9 FC-19 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.5 ‒0.5 0.711 4 GS10-26 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.9 ‒0.6 0.710 9 FC-20 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒4.1 ‒0.4 / GS10-27 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.6 0.2 / FC-21 白云质灰岩 ‒7.8 ‒0.2 / GS10-28 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.5 0.3 / FC-22 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒5.3 ‒1.0 / GS10-29 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.5 ‒0.1 / FC-23 白云质灰岩 ‒9.5 ‒1.4 / GS10-30 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.4 0.1 0.709 5 FC-24 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.4 ‒1.7 0.711 0 GS10-31 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.0 0.3 / FC-25 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.3 ‒0.9 / GS10-32 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.0 ‒0.1 / FC-26 白云质灰岩 ‒6.6 ‒0.3 / GS10-33 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.1 0.4 / FC-27 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒5.9 ‒0.7 / MX12-1 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.3 ‒0.8 0.710 6 FC-28 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.9 ‒1.4 / MX12-2 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.2 0.5 0.709 7 FD-1 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.8 ‒0.9 0.709 5 MX12-3 细中晶白云岩 ‒6.8 ‒0.8 0.709 7 FD-2 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.7 ‒0.6 0.709 8 MX12-4 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒5.5 ‒0.3 0.709 7 FD-3 云质混积岩 ‒7.8 ‒0.7 0.710 9 MX12-5 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.0 ‒0.4 / FD-4 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.2 ‒0.6 / MX12-6 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.0 ‒0.3 / FD-5 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.9 ‒0.7 0.709 2 MX12-7 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒5.9 ‒0.1 / FD-6 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.4 ‒0.7 0.709 0 MX12-8 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.1 0.1 0.710 0 FD-7 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.8 ‒1.4 / MX12-9 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.5 ‒0.5 / FD-8 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.6 ‒0.5 / MX12-10 颗粒白云岩 ‒7.0 ‒1.0 0.710 1 MZW-1 白云质灰岩 ‒8.8 2.5 / MX12-11 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.1 0.1 / MZW-2 灰岩 ‒8.6 4.1 / MX12-12 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.5 ‒0.3 / MZW-3 灰岩 ‒9.1 0.8 0.710 0 MX12-13 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.1 ‒1.2 0.711 0 MZW-4 白云质灰岩 ‒8.3 1.1 0.709 4 MX12-14 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.1 0.2 0.715 3 MZW-5 白云质灰岩 ‒9.2 0.1 / MX12-15 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.3 ‒0.1 0.714 5 MZW-6 灰岩 ‒8.8 0.7 0.709 8 MX12-16 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.2 ‒0.4 / MZW-7 灰岩 ‒9.1 0.5 / MX12-17 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.0 ‒0.8 / MZW-8 灰岩 ‒8.4 2.8 0.709 1 MX12-18 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.0 ‒0.5 / MZW-9 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒8.3 2.7 / MX12-19 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.1 ‒0.3 / MZW-10 白云质灰岩 ‒8.1 2.7 / MX12-20 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒7.5 ‒0.1 / MZW-11 白云质灰岩 ‒8.3 2.8 / MX12-21 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.2 ‒0.2 / MZW-12 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.9 2.9 0.709 8 MZW-19 白云质灰岩 ‒7.5 1.6 / MZW-13 白云质灰岩 ‒7.3 2.7 / MZW-20 白云质灰岩 ‒6.6 ‒0.2 / MZW-14 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.6 2.9 0.710 0 MZW-21 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒4.1 0.9 0.709 0 MZW-15 白云质灰岩 ‒7.5 3.2 / MZW-22 白云质灰岩 ‒7.1 1.9 0.709 1 MZW-16 灰岩 ‒8.1 2.7 / MZW-23 灰岩 ‒6.9 ‒1.0 0.709 8 MZW-17 灰岩 ‒7.8 2.2 0.709 3 MZW-24 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒3.5 1.4 / MZW-18 灰岩 ‒7.6 1.7 0.709 1 YB-11 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒5.0 0.6 / YB-1 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.8 0.7 0.709 4 YB-12 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.6 ‒0.6 0.710 2 YB-2 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.4 0.5 / YB-13 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.9 ‒1.5 / YB-3 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.4 1.0 0.709 5 YB-14 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.0 ‒1.4 0.709 3 YB-4 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.3 0.6 / YB-15 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒5.2 ‒0.8 / YB-5 细中晶白云岩 ‒5.4 0.4 / YB-16 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.6 ‒1.4 / YB-6 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒5.0 ‒0.2 / YB-17 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.8 ‒1.2 0.710 1 YB-7 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.5 ‒0.3 0.709 7 YB-18 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒5.3 ‒1.2 / YB-8 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.9 0.8 / YB-19 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.2 ‒0.9 0.709 6 YB-9 泥粉晶白云岩 ‒6.0 0.4 0.710 4 YB-20 颗粒白云岩 ‒5.3 ‒1.6 0.709 9 YB-10 颗粒白云岩 ‒6.0 ‒2.5 / 
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表 2 四川盆地龙王庙组不同岩石类型地球化学特征
Table 2. Geochemical characteristics of different rock types in the Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin
白云石含量（%） 有序度 δ18O（PDB，‰） δ13C（PDB，‰） 87Sr/86Sr 灰质混积岩 / / ‒8.4（‒6.4~‒9.8） ‒0.9（‒4.3~0.6） / 云质混积岩 57.7（39.5~75.7） 0.62（0.5~0.75） ‒8.2（‒7.2~‒9.7） 0（‒1.2~1.4） 0.714 3（0.710 9~0.722 1） 泥粉晶白云岩 91.5（76.8~99.7） 0.62/0.36~0.83 ‒6.4（‒3.5~‒7.9） ‒0.5（‒2.1~1.4） 0.709 7/（0.708 6~0.710 9） 颗粒白云岩 95.5（82.1~100） 0.65/0.43~0.84 ‒6.8（‒5.0~‒8.7） ‒0.3（‒2.5~2.9） 0.710 4（0.709 1~0.714 9） 细中晶白云岩 94.9（87.6~100） 0.73/0.63~0.85 ‒6.8（‒5.0~‒8.0） ‒0.2（‒1.2~1.0） 0.710 8（0.709 3~0.715 3） 白云质灰岩 42.2（18~67.7） 0.46/0.26~0.65 ‒7.9（‒5.8~‒9.9） 0（‒2.0~3.2） 0.709 3（0.708 9~0.709 8） 灰岩 / / ‒8.1（‒5.5~‒9.8） 0.5（‒1.4~4.1） 0.709 3（0.708 2~0.710 1）
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表 3 碳酸盐岩87Sr/86Sr来源及龙王庙组白云岩、灰岩87Sr/86Sr平均值
Table 3. Sources of 87Sr/86Sr in carbonate rocks and the mean value of 87Sr/86Sr in dolostone and limestone of the Longwangmiao Formation
来源 数值 寒武纪海水中的87Sr/86Sr 0.708 7~0.709 5 海底玄武岩和海底热液的87Sr/86Sr 0.704 0 古老硅铝质陆壳风化产物的87Sr/86Sr 0.720 0 海相碳酸盐岩风化提供的87Sr/86Sr 0.708 0 龙王庙组白云岩87Sr/86Sr均值 0.710 3 龙王庙组灰岩87Sr/86Sr均值 0.709 1
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