Hotspot and Development Trend of Shale Oil Research
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摘要: 页岩油储量巨大、分布集中、前景广阔，是世界石油增储上产的一个主要领域. 为厘清页岩油研究的热点与发展趋势，使用CiteSpace和VOSviewer软件对近十年国内外文献进行科学知识可视化分析，结合世界页岩油盆地研究及勘探开发成果，系统梳理了页岩油近十年的主题演化及热点领域，总结了当前页岩油研究面临的挑战. 结果认为全球页岩油研究热点聚焦于页岩油形成的物质基础、页岩油储集空间、页岩油可动性及可压裂性4方面；相比北美海相页岩油构造沉积背景稳定，页岩油生产技术持续迭代，我国页岩油沉积相变快，孔隙类型受成岩作用影响较大，缺乏系统的可动性评价方法，水力压裂易诱发地震和造成环境污染；未来应加强细粒沉积岩研究、定量表征页岩油储集空间、明确页岩油赋存状态、建立全面的页岩油可动性评价方法、加强新型绿色压裂技术研发，从而精准预测页岩油“地质-工程”甜点，以推动我国能源结构的快速转型.Abstract: Shale oil plays a significant role in petroleum exploration and development with its huge reserves, concentrated distribution, and broad prospects. Combining the achievements of global shale oil exploration and development, two bibliometric software CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to visualize the scientific knowledge about the last ten years. The theme evolution, hotspots and frontiers were systematically sort out. Furthermore, the challenges and effective techniques of shale oil research are summarized. The results show that the research hotspots of shale oil focus on four aspects: formation conditions, reservoir property, mobility, and fracturing. The sedimentary tectonic setting is stable and the production technologies are continuously updated in North America. However, the sedimentary phase change of shale oil is rapid in China, and the pore types are greatly affected by diagenesis. In addition, there is no systematic method to evaluate the mobility of shale oil. Hydraulic fracturing sometimes induces earthquakes and causes environmental pollution. To accurately predict the "geological-engineering" sweet spot of shale oil and promote the rapid transformation of energy structure, the following research should be strengthened including the lithofacies of fine-grained sediment, the quantitative characterization of reservoir space, occurrence state of shale oil, the systematic evaluation method of movability, and the advanced green fracturing technology.
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Key words:
- shale oil /
- occurrence mechanism /
- mobility /
- fracturing /
- scientific knowledge visualization /
- petroleum geology
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图 2 基于Web of Science的页岩油年发文量
Fig. 2. Annual publications of shale oil based on Web of Science
图 3 页岩油烃源岩矿物组成及储层物性
a. 矿物组分三元相图b. 孔隙度和渗透率
Fig. 3. Mineral composition of source rock and physical properties of shale oil reservoir
图 4 页岩油Timezone时区视图及研究的主题演化
Fig. 4. Timezone view of shale oil and the theme evolution
图 6 有机碳含量(TOC)与氯仿沥青“A”关系图
数据来源于宋国奇等(2013)；李吉君等(2014)
Fig. 6. Relationship between TOC and chloroform asphalt "A"
图 8 页岩油储层中不同类型的孔隙
a. 来源于Li et al.(2022)；b. 来源于Liang et al.(2022)；d，g，h. 来源于Xi et al.(2020)；f，i. 来源于Wang et al.(2019)；c，e. 来源于王香增等(2018)；k. 来源于刘毅(2018)；l. 来源于范雨辰等(2022)
Fig. 8. Different pores in shale oil reservior
图 9 东营凹陷古近系泥页岩样品各族组分含量占比及MI分布图(何晋译等, 2019)
Fig. 9. Composition proportion and MI distribution of Paleogene shale in Dongying Sag (He et al., 2019)
图 10 东营凹陷页岩油黏度与日产量关系图(宁方兴等, 2015)
Fig. 10. Relationship between shale oil viscosity and daily production in Dongying Sag (Ning et al., 2015)
表 1 不同学者对页岩油的定义及成藏要素差异
Table 1. Differences in the definition of shale oil and reservoir formation elements
文献来源 岩性 物性 成藏要素 烃源岩 储集层 盖层 油气运移 有机质丰度(TOC) 有机质类型 有机质成熟度(Ro) Jarvie(2012) 页岩、云灰质泥岩 / 2%~30% / 0.4%~1.0% 碳酸盐岩夹层 / 滞留或短距离运移 页岩油是指赋存于富有机质泥页岩层系中滞留或仅经历短距离运移的石油 EIA(2013a) 页岩 / / / / 页岩、致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩等夹层 / / 页岩油指赋存于页岩层系中并能有效开发的石油 Maugeri(2013) 页岩 低孔低渗(无具体数值) / Ⅱ型为主 / 页岩、碳酸盐岩夹层 / 滞留或短距离运移 页岩油是指赋存于低孔低渗泥页岩层系中滞留或仅经历短距离运移的石油 Donovan et al.(2017) 页岩、硅质泥岩、云灰质泥岩 渗透率： < 0.1 mD > 5% Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型 / 页岩、硅质泥岩、云灰质泥岩 / 滞留或短距离运移 页岩油是指赋存于富有机质低渗泥页岩层系中滞留或仅经历短距离运移的石油 Horsfield et al.(2018) 页岩 / 2%~25% Ⅱ型为主 0.8%~1.5% 裂缝型页岩、碳酸盐岩夹层 / 滞留或短距离运移 页岩油是指已经生成并赋存于富有机质泥页岩层系中滞留或仅经历短距离运移的石油 张金川等(2012) 页岩 / / Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型 0.3%~2.0% 碳酸盐岩、致密砂岩、火山岩等夹层 / 滞留或短距离运移 页岩油是指赋存于页岩层系中滞留或仅经历极短距离运移而原地聚集形成的石油 姜在兴等(2014) 云灰质页岩、硅质页岩 孔隙度： < 10% 渗透率： < 0.1 mD / Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型 0.5%~1.5% 云灰质页岩、硅质页岩 / 滞留且基本未运移 页岩油指赋存于低孔低渗的泥页岩中滞留且基本未经历运移的石油 黎茂稳等(2019) 页岩 / 1%~15% Ⅱ型为主 0.6%~1.3% 裂缝型页岩 / 滞留且基本未运移 页岩油是指赋存于富有机质泥页岩中滞留且基本未经历运移的石油 赵文智等(2020) 页岩、云灰质泥岩、粉细砂岩 孔隙度：0.2%~19% 2%~5% Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型 0.5%~1.7% 裂缝型页岩、云灰质泥岩、粉细砂岩 / 滞留且基本未运移 页岩油是指赋存于富有机质低孔泥页岩层系中滞留且基本未经历运移的石油 GB/T 38718-2020(2020) 页岩 生烃品质、储层品质、工程力学品质和含油性，需据研究区条件确定评价标准 粉砂岩、细砂岩、碳酸盐岩，单层厚度不大于5 m，累计厚度小于总厚度30% / 滞留或短距离运移 页岩油是指赋存于富有机质泥页岩层系中滞留或仅经历短距离运移的石油 邹才能等(2022a) 页岩 孔隙度： < 10% 渗透率： < 1 mD > 2% / > 0.9% 页岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、碳酸盐岩等夹层 / 滞留或短距离运移 页岩油是指赋存于富有机质低孔低渗页岩层系中滞留或仅经历短距离运移的石油 
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表 2 世界主要页岩油盆地地质特征对比
Table 2. Geological features of the world's major shale oil basins
盆地名称 West Siberian Williston South Texas Neuquen Sirte Western Canada 鄂尔多斯盆地 松辽盆地 南襄盆地 渤海湾盆地 苏北盆地 北部湾盆地 四川盆地 物质基础 沉积环境 海相 海相 海相 海相 海相 海相 陆相 陆相 陆相 陆相 陆相 陆相 陆相 盆地类型 克拉通 克拉通 克拉通 弧后裂谷 克拉通 大陆边缘 坳陷 坳陷 断陷 断陷 断陷 断陷 坳陷 发育层系 J-K D-C K J-K K C T K E E E E J 页岩埋深(m) 2 500~3 000 2 100~3 300 1 800~2 400 1 380~1 950 3 000~5 000 2 800~3 600 1 300~2 600 1 000~2 500 2 300~3 700 2 900~3 400 1 500~2 500 2 600~4 100 2 000~3 500 页岩厚度(m) 10~60 30 22~90 45~150 25~70 35~60 10~45 50~500 30~120 50~350 140~260 10~602 20~80 TOC 2~17 5~10 4~7 3~5 1.7~3.2 2.0~7.5 0.3~36.2 0.4~4.5 1.0~3.0 0.01~13.13 0.65~2.83 3.1~11.3 0.8~3.0 Ro 0.5~1.3 0.5~1.3 0.5~1.3 0.7~1.3 0.6~1.13 0.5~2.0 0.6~1.1 0.5~1.5 0.5~1.2 0.25~1.28 0.8~1.1 0.6~1.3 0.9~1.5 有机质类型 ⅠⅡ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ / Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ 储层特征 孔隙度(%) 5.8~8.6 8~12 4~11 4~10 / 6~7.5 4.8~12.6 6.0~12.0 4 0.9~11.5 3.49~19.9 < 10.0 0~10 渗透率(mD) 0.4~4.0 0.04 0.1~1.5 < 0.2 / 0.2~0.8 < 0.1 0.02~1.00 0.1 0.1~1.0 0.2~14.1 0.01~0.20 0.08~9.79 孔隙类型 裂缝 粒间孔 粒间孔、有机质孔 粒间孔、有机质孔 / 有机质孔 微裂缝、基质孔 微裂缝、基质孔 基质孔 粒间孔、晶间孔 层间孔、晶间孔 粒间孔、有机质孔 有机质孔、基质孔 脆性矿物含量(%) 10~75 60~70 80~92 70~90 / 60~70 50~60 50~70 45~75 30.9~62.5 59~65 30~80 45~70 泊松比 / 0.22~0.29 0.24~0.26 / / / 0.25 0.25 0.25~0.30 / 0.10 / / 流体特征 含油饱和度 / 平均68 55~85 55~85 / 60~80 大于50 / / 58.3~64.4 / / 原油黏度(mPa·s) / 0.3~0.4 < 1 / / 6.1~6.3 20~200 4~18 / 2 170 / / 原油密度(g/cm3) / 0.75~0.82 0.80 0.79~0.82 / 0.76 0.8~0.86 0.78~0.87 0.84~0.87 / < 0.82 / / 压力系数 / 1.35~1.58 1.35~1.80 / / / 0.7~0.9 1.2~1.6 0.9~1.1 / 1.55 / 1.23~1.72 开发现状 可采资源量 104亿吨 5.47亿吨 4.1亿吨 28亿吨 25亿吨 5.6亿吨 25亿吨 20亿吨 2亿吨 3.65亿吨 7亿吨 5亿吨 16.4亿吨 开发情况 工业探索 商业开发 商业开发 工业探索 尚未开发 商业开发 工业探索 工业探索 工业探索 工业探索 工业探索 工业探索 工业探索 数据来源 (EIA, 2011; 崔景伟等，2015) (EIA, 2011, 2013b; Jarvie, 2012) (EIA, 2011, 2013b; Jarvie, 2012; 黎茂稳等, 2019) (EIA, 2011, 2013b2015; Jarvie, 2012) (EIA, 2011; 方欣欣等, 2017, 2020) (EIA, 2011, 2013b; Jarvie, 2012; 黎茂稳等, 2019) (邹才能等, 2012b; 邹才能等, 2015a; 杨智等, 2015; 邹才能等, 2022a) (邹才能等, 2012b; 邹才能等, 2015a; 杨智等, 2015; 邹才能等, 2022a) (陈祥等, 2011; 王敏等, 2013; 冯国奇等, 2019; 何涛华等, 2019) (刘毅，2018；周立宏等，2019) (龙海岑等，2022；付茜等，2020；昝灵等，2021；李小龙等，2022；姚红生等，2021) (严德天等，2019；李辉等，2022 (韩克猷等，2015；孙莎莎等，2021；金涛等，2022)
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