Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix Characteristics and Implication of Dissolved Organic Matter in Groundwater at a Typical Refinery-Polluted Site
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摘要: 综合应用荧光峰识别、三维荧光光谱（excitation-emission matrix, EEMs）区域积分法、聚类分析和相关性分析等方法，探究污黄土高原某炼油厂污染场地地下水溶解性有机物（dissolved organic matter, DOM）三维荧光光谱特征及其对有机污染的指示作用.结果显示，污染场地地下水DOM的EEMs表现出显著的石油类污染物的指纹特征.EEMs中表征苯和石油烃的区域Ⅰ和区域Ⅱ的荧光区域积分标准体积占总区域积分标准体积的55%~88%，与地下水样品有机污染组分的测试结果吻合.基于三维荧光指纹特征相似性的聚类分析揭示了污染场地地下水有机污染类型与空间异质性分布特征.污染地下水EEMs区域积分标准体积与有机组分、光谱参数、水化学组成的相关性分析，表明DOM的三维荧光指纹谱能够有效指示场地地下水的有机污染程度、组成特征和水化学的响应，为地下水污染监测和预警的有效提供示踪工具.Abstract: The excitation-emission matrix (EEMs) fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been widely used in monitoring and warning of water pollution. To clarify the indicator of EEMs fluorescence fingerprint on groundwater organic pollution at refinery sites, the EEMs characteristics of DOM and spatial distribution of organic pollution in groundwater was studied at a typical refinery-polluted site by EEMs regional integration, correlation analysis and hierarchical clustering. The EEMs results show that DOM in groundwater of the polluted site had significant fluorescence spectral fingerprint as oil contaminants. The constituents of DOM in the polluted groundwater were quantified by EMMs regional integration based on fluorescence of model compounds. The normalized volumetric integration of regions Ⅰ and Ⅱ representing benzene series and petroleum hydrocarbons accounts for 55%-88% of the total volumetric integration of all regions, which is consistent with GC-MS results of organic compositions. The hierarchical clustering on the similarity of EEMs can effectively distinguish the types of groundwater organic pollution and their spatial distribution in the polluted site. The correlation analyses between normalized volumetric integration of EEMs regions and organic components, spectra parameters and water chemistry further suggest that the fluorescence EEMs fingerprint of DOM can effectively reveal organic pollution and effect on geochemistry of groundwater at the refinery site, indicating as an effective tracer to monitor and warn groundwater organic pollution.
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图 1 研究区地形高程、场地地下水水位与采样点分布图
Fig. 1. The DEM diagram, groundwater level contour and sampling location of the study area
图 2 地下水代表样品的有机污染物类型与含量相对占比
Fig. 2. Types and relative contents of organic pollutants in groundwater samples based on GC-MS results
图 3 炼油厂场内地下水与上游地下水、下游河水DOM的紫外光谱、荧光光谱参数对比
Fig. 3. Comparison plots of ultraviolet absorption spectra and fluorescence parameters of groundwater and river water samples of the study area
图 4 污染场地地下水与上游地下水、下游河水DOM代表性的三维荧光光谱图
右侧纵坐标为荧光强度，单位RFU
Fig. 4. Representative EEMs of DOM in water samples of the study area
图 5 各水样EMM光谱积分标准体积百分比Pi, n分布
Fig. 5. Pi, n distribution in EEM spectra of water samples
图 6 基于EEMs荧光区域积分的聚类分析及场地地下水有机污染的空间分布
Fig. 6. HCA of groundwater samples based on FRI and spatial distribution of organic pollution in the refinery site
表 1 污染场地地下水EEMs荧光区域积分与其有机组分的相关性分析(N=11)
Table 1. Correlation analysis of FRI and organic components of groundwater in the contaminated site (N=11)
ΦI, n ΦII, n ΦIII, n ΦIV, n ΦV, n ΦT, n 苯系物 氯代烃 萘 石油烃 总有机污染物 苯 甲苯 乙苯 对间二甲苯 苯乙烯 邻二甲苯 异丙苯 2-氯甲苯 1,3,5-三甲苯 4-异丙基甲苯 正丁基苯 1,2,4-三甲苯 1,2-二氯乙烷 1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷 ΦI, n 1 0.935** 0.769** 0.815** 0.572 0.952** 0.683* 0.235 0.397 0.111 0.684* 0.674* 0.647* 0.6 0.545 -0.3 0.626* 0.350 0.579 0.455 0.067 0.605* 0.822** -0.3 0.427 ΦII, n 1 0.915** 0.944** 0.793** 0.998** 0.620* 0.135 0.581 0.676* 0.635* 0.624* 0.709* 0.482 0.640* -0.242 0.733* 0.128 0.625* 0.51 0.231 0.633* 0.842** -0.242 0.425 ΦIII, n 1 0.895** 0.899** 0.908** 0.209 0.387 0.602 -0.244 0.267 -0.42 0.670* 0.393 0.575 -0.318 0.635* -0.069 0.717* 0.378 0.254 0.720* 0.702* -0.318 0.740** ΦIV, n 1 0.905** 0.936** 0.515 0.023 0.812** -0.105 0.366 -0.174 0.873** 0.449 0.749** -0.174 0.854** 0.082 0.802** 0.634* 0.428 0.795** 0.889** -0.174 0.818** ΦV, n 1 0.776** 0.263 0.095 0.845** -0.324 0.385 -0.429 0.817** 0.326 0.674* -0.07 0.806** -0.138 0.845** 0.497 0.577 0.875** 0.754** -0.07 0.891** ΦT, n 1 0.633* 0.159 0.567 0.049 0.859** -0.208 0.694* 0.512 0.634* -0.263 0.725* 0.165 0.6 0.506 0.212 0.599 0.849** -0.263 0.614* 苯系物 1 0.209 0.576 0.528 0.804** 0.690* 0.696* 0.604* 0.731* 0.1 0.583 0.644* 0.454 0.831** 0.397 0.438 0.645* 0.1 0.449 氯系物 1 0.236 -0.171 0.215 0.067 0.189 0.045 0.259 0.978** 0.402 0.009 0.038 0.264 0.813** -0.004 0.173 0.978** 0.006 萘 1 -0.083 0.223 -0.03 0.920** 0.342 0.751** 0.054 0.868** 0.056 0.851** 0.706* 0.709* 0.910** 0.772** 0.054 0.916** 石油烃 1 0.928** 0.569 0.155 0.502 0.333 -0.13 -0.16 0.865** -0.025 0.551 -0.22 -0.138 0.028 -0.13 -0.109 总有机污染物 1 0.676* 0.438 0.619* 0.572 -0.037 0.163 0.883** 0.207 0.768** 0.047 0.121 0.315 -0.037 0.146 注：**表示极显著相关(P＜0.01, 双尾检验)，*表示显著相关（P＜0.05, 双尾检验）. 
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表 2 污染场地地下水EEMs荧光区域积分与DOM光谱参数、水化学组成的相关性分析(N=22)
Table 2. Correlation analysis of FRI with DOM spectral parameters and hydrochemical compositios of groundwater in the contaminated site (N=22)
ΦT, n ΦI, n ΦII, n ΦIII, n ΦIV, n ΦV, n FI BIX HIX β: α α(355) SUVA254 E253/E203 DOC HCO3- SO42- NO3- ΦT, n 1 0.972** 0.998** 0.910** 0.881** 0.633** -0.217 0.654** -0.703** 0.676** 0.034 0.227 0.562** 0.153 0.502** -0.472* -0.376* ΦI, n 1 0.963** 0.835** 0.804** 0.509** -0.223 0.557** -0.766** 0.586** 0.038 0.290 0.565** 0.179 0.550** -0.495** -0.377* ΦII, n 1 0.897** 0.889** 0.618** -0.211 0.675** -0.700** 0.696** 0.029 0.229 0.552** 0.165 0.490** -0.469* -0.371 ΦIII, n 1 0.760** 0.770** -0.204 0.518** -0.444* 0.532** 0.017 0.028 0.547** -0.010 0.431* -0.395* -0.425* ΦIV, n 1 0.692** -0.227 0.879** -0.739** 0.883** 0.017 0.028 0.547** -0.010 0.431* -0.395* -0.425* ΦV, n 1 -0.125 0.494** -0.232 0.482** -0.007 0.017 0.167 -0.118 0.107 -0.050 0.118 注：**表示极显著相关（P＜0.01, 双尾检验），*表示显著相关（P＜0.05, 双尾检验）.
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