Sandbox Physical Simulation on "Different Period-Different Direction" Deformation Process of Strike-Slip Faults: A Case Study of Northern Segment of Shunbei No. 5 Fault in Tarim Basin
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摘要: 塔里木盆地顺北5号走滑断裂是顺北及邻区一条克拉通内小尺度走滑断裂带，整体分为3段：北段、中段和南段.选取顺北5号断层北段为研究对象，结合断层几何学和运动学解析，应用构造物理模拟实验，明确了走滑断层的变形特征与形成机制.结果表明：顺北5号断层北段主体表现为多段式特征，发育平直型、压隆型和拉分型3种类型构造样式.北段主要活动时期为加里东中期Ⅲ幕与加里东晚期，表现为两期异向叠加变形作用，早期（T74界面）表现为多种组合样式分段生长特征，晚期（T70界面）表现为雁列式正断层分布特征.基于顺北5号断层北段砂箱物理模拟证实，早期走滑作用控制断层分段变形特征，晚期张扭作用控制着雁列式断层的分布规律.因此，“分期-异向”叠加变形控制了顺北5号断层北段走滑断层的变形过程和形成机制.Abstract: Shunbei No. 5 strike-slip fault is a small-scale strike-slip fault zone in Shunbei and its surroundings of Tarim basin, which can be divided into three section: north, middle and south. In this paper, the northern segment of Shunbei No. 5 fault is selected as the research object, and the deformation characteristics and formation mechanism of the strike-slip fault are clarified by using the structural physical simulation experiment. The results show that the main features of the northern segment of Shunbei No. 5 fault are multi-segment, and three types of structural styles are developed, i.e., translational strike-slip type, compression-uplift type and pull-apart type. The main active period of the north segment is the Middle Caledonian stage Ⅲ and the Late Caledonian stage, which is characterized by two stages of metasomatic superimposed deformation, and the early stage (T74 interface) is characterized by the segment growth of various combinations, the late stage (T70 interface) shows the distribution characteristics of echelon normal faults. Based on the sandbox physical simulation of the north segment of Shunbei No. 5 fault, it is confirmed that the early strike-slip action controls the deformation characteristics of the fault segments, and the late transtensional action controls the distribution law of the echelon-type fault. Therefore, the "different period-different direction" superimposed deformation controls the deformation process and formation mechanism of strike-slip fault in the northern segment of Shunbei No. 5 fault.
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图 1 塔里木盆地顺北及邻区下古生界断裂体系分布(据邓尚等，2019)
Fig. 1. A map showing the distribution of major faults in the Lower Paleozoic in Shunbei area and its surroundings, Tarim basin(according to Deng et al., 2019)
图 2 顺北5号断层北段不同地层(T74、T70)相干与断层解释平面图
Fig. 2. The plane map of correlation and fault interpretation of different strata (T74, T70) in the northern segment of Shunbei No.5 fault
图 3 顺北5号断层北段不同部位地震剖面发育特征
Fig. 3. The characteristics of seismic sections in different segment of the northern segment of Shunbei No.5 fault
图 5 走滑断层两期异向叠加变形实验模拟结果
a.第一期位移5 mm变形结果；b.第一期位移18 mm变形结果；c.第二期位移26 mm变形结果；d.第二期位移34 mm变形结果
Fig. 5. The simulation results of "two-stage and different direction" superimposed deformation of strike-slip fault
图 6 砂箱物理模拟结果与实际断层平面组合样式和特征对比
a.顺北5号断裂带北段T74界面断层平面分段解释；b.第一期断层分段模拟结果红外线扫描
Fig. 6. The comparison of the combination patterns and characteristics of the sandbox physical simulation results with the actual fault plane
图 7 顺北5号断层北段走滑断层模拟实验剖面特征(平面位置见图 5d)
Fig. 7. The features of the simulated experiment section of the strike-slip fault in the northern segment of Shunbei No.5 fault (see Fig.5d for plane position)
图 8 走滑断层纵向分层-分期、平面分段演化模式
Fig. 8. The model of vertical stratification-staging and plane segment evolution of strike-slip fault
图 9 不同走滑断层小断层和裂缝特征的差异性
Fig. 9. The differences on the characteristics of small faults and fractures in different strike-slip faults
图 10 不同走滑断层组合样式下位移与断裂带宽度的关系
Fig. 10. The relationship between displacement and width of fault zone under different combination styles of strike-slip fault
表 1 实验相似性参数
Table 1. The experimental similarity parameter
参数 代码 单位 自然原型 模拟模型 比例因子 厚度 h m hn≈4 000 hm≈4 cm h*=hm/hn=10-5 密度 ρ kg/m3 ρn≈2 800 ρm≈1 297 ρ*=ρm/ρn≈0.5 重力加速度 g m/s2 gn=9.8 gm=9.8 g*=gm/gn=1 粘聚力 C Pa Cn=5×106 Cm≈30 Pa C*=σ*=5×10-6 内摩擦角 φ ° 31~38 ≈35 1 垂向应力 σ Pa σn= σm= σ*=ρ*g*h*=5×10-6 
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表 2 实验变形位移、应力场与地层厚度等参数
Table 2. The experimental parameters such as deformation, displacement, stress field and formation thickness
序号 变形时期 应力场 变形位移(cm) 实验材料 厚度(cm) 累计厚度(cm) 1 第二期变形 与基底断层偏转10° 1.5 绿色标志层 忽略不计 2.0 白色石英砂(100目) 1 绿色标志层 忽略不计 白色石英砂(100目) 1 2 第一期变形 与基底构造平行 2.0 蓝色标志层 忽略不计 1.6 白色石英砂(60目) 1 蓝色标志层 忽略不计 白色石英砂(60目) 0.6
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