Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic Dolomite in Lower Yangtze Region: A Case Study from Nanjing Area
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摘要: 扬子地台上震旦统-下古生界白云岩广泛发育，是最重要的碳酸盐岩储集层.目前对下扬子地区白云岩的研究程度较低，严重制约了对该区白云岩储层性能的深化认识和油气勘探工作.研究以南京地区为例，通过对该区上震旦统-下古生界白云岩进行系统的岩石学、主量和微量元素、碳-氧同位素及稀土元素分析，确定了白云岩的类型及成因.结果表明：研究区发育泥晶白云岩、粉-细晶白云岩、细晶白云岩、中晶白云岩4种白云岩类型.上震旦统泥晶白云岩具有较高的Mg含量和较低的Fe、Mn、Sr元素含量，δ18O平均值高达0.2‰，形成温度近于地表温度，盐度指数明显高于海水，∑REE值约为28×10-6，δCe和δEu呈负异常，平均分别为0.867和0.917，稀土元素配分模式与海相灰岩类似，为近地表强蒸发浓缩海水流体环境下准同生白云石化成因；中寒武统粉-细晶白云岩晶体具有雾心亮边和环边状结构，Mg、Fe、Mn元素含量和稀土元素特征与泥晶白云岩类似，盐度指数较高，说明有相似的海水流体性质，δ18O值介于-2.5‰~-6.5‰，为浅埋藏环境下渗透回流白云石化成因；上寒武统细晶白云岩Fe元素含量和∑REE值高于前两类白云岩，δ18O值介于-6.5‰~-10‰，形成温度较高，但未越过热蚀变界限，为埋藏白云石化成因；下奥陶统中晶白云岩晶体粗大，孔隙中发育鞍状白云石，具有较高的Fe、Mn、Al、Si、Sr元素含量，δ18O值小于-10‰，形成温度高且呈热蚀变特征，盐度指数低于海水，∑REE值较高，δEu呈强正异常，为热液白云石化成因.Abstract: The Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic dolostones is widely developed in the Yangtze platform, which is one of the most important carbonate reservoirs. There has been few studies on the dolostone in the Lower Yangtze region, restraining our recognition to the properties of dolostone reservoir. In this paper it systematically investigates the geochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of dolostone in the Lower Yangtze area based on an integrated petrological, major and trace element, rare earth element, and carbon oxygen isotope analyses. The results show that the studied dolostone can be divided into four types, namely, micrite dolostone, powder-fine dolostone, fine crystal dolostone, and medium crystal dolostone. The Upper Sinian micritic dolostone has high Mg content and low Fe, Mn, Sr contents, high δ18O value, forming temperature close to surface temperature, higher salinity index compared with sea water, low ΣREE value, negative Ce and Eu anomalies, and REE distribution pattern which are similar to marine limestone, indicating the dolostone belongs to penecontemporaneous dolomitization in an environment of concentrated seawater fluid with strong evaporation near the surface. The Middle Cambrian powder-fine dolostone is characterized by fog-core bright edge structure, similar contents of Mg, Fe, Mn and REE characteristics compared with micritic dolomite, high salinity index, and relatively medium δ18O value ranging from -2.5‰ to -6.5‰. The genesis of this dolomite is percolation reflux dolomitization in shallow burial environment. Marked by higher Fe content and ∑REE values, low δ18O value (-6.5‰ to -10‰), higher formation temperature, the Upper Cambrian fine-grained dolostone is attributed to buried dolomitization genetic. The Lower Ordovician medium crystal dolomite is characterized by high contents of Fe, Mn, Al, Si, Sr and ∑REE value, low δ18O value less than -10‰, lower salinity index compared with sea water, positive Eu anomaly, and high diagenetic temperature with thermal alteration characteristics, suggesting the dolomite is of hydrothermal dolomitization origin.
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图 1 研究区地理位置及地层综合柱状图
Fig. 1. Geological sketch map of the study area and stratigraphic column
图 2 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界白云岩露头和镜下特征
a.样品S1，Z2dn，泥晶白云岩，局部见亮晶白云岩，铸体薄片，正交偏光，×25；b.样品S2，Z2dn，泥晶白云岩，发育多期次方解石脉体，铸体薄片，单偏光，×40；c.Z2dn，灰色泥晶白云岩露头特征；d.样品S3，2p，灰色粉-细晶白云岩露头特征；e.样品S4，2p，粉晶白云岩，岩石薄片，单偏光，×40；f.样品S4，2p，粉-细晶白云岩，可见雾心亮边结构(红色箭头所示)，岩石薄片，单偏光，×40；g.样品S4，2p，粉-细晶白云岩，白云石颗粒具有环边结构(红色箭头所示)，单偏光，×100；h.3g，浅灰色细晶白云岩露头特征；i.样品S5，3g，细晶白云岩，铸体薄片，正交偏光，×25；j.样品S6，3g，细晶白云岩，白云石颗粒沿瘤体边缘溶蚀成细小粒状(红色箭头所示)，铸体薄片，单偏光，×40；k.样品S7，3g，中晶白云岩，铸体薄片，正交偏光，×25；l.3g，灰色中晶白云岩，局部发育硅质条带(红色箭头所示)；m.O1l，浅灰色白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩露头特征，普遍发育硅质条带和硅质结核(红色箭头所示)，沿硅质条带发育灰色白云岩；n.样品S8，O1l，中晶白云岩，铸体薄片，单偏光，×40；o.样品S9，O1l，晶间孔洞环边充填鞍状白云石(红色箭头所示)，中晶结构，正交光下呈波状消光，岩石薄片，正交偏光，×100
Fig. 2. Outcrop and microscopic characteristics of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic dolomite in Nanjing area
图 3 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界白云岩碳、氧同位素交会图
Fig. 3. Cross plot of carbon and oxygen isotopes of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic dolomites in Nanjing area
图 4 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界碳酸盐岩稀土元素特征
Fig. 4. REE characteristics of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in Nanjing area
图 5 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界碳酸盐岩δCe和δEu相关性图解
Fig. 5. Correlation diagram of δCe and δEu of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in Nanjing area
图 6 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界碳酸盐岩稀土元素配分模式图
Fig. 6. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in Nanjing area
图 7 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界白云岩成因模式
Fig. 7. Genetic model of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic dolomite in Nanjing area
表 1 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界碳酸盐岩主量元素含量
Table 1. Contents of major elements of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in Nanjing area
样品编号 层位 岩性 主量元素组成(%) Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 MgO MnO P2O5 K2O SiO2 Na2O TiO2 总计 S1 Z2dn 泥晶白云岩 0.14 30.76 0.00 21.50 0.01 0.10 0.02 1.38 0.08 0.00 53.99 S2 Z2dn 泥晶白云岩 0.14 30.83 0.00 21.93 0.02 0.15 0.02 1.79 0.09 0.00 54.97 S3 
粉-细晶白云岩 0.47 31.96 0.11 21.04 0.02 0.04 0.24 2.49 0.14 0.03 56.54 S4 粉-细晶白云岩 0.37 30.88 0.00 20.21 0.01 0.06 0.05 2.36 0.04 0.01 53.99 S5 细晶白云岩 0.74 30.75 0.09 19.90 0.01 0.04 0.22 3.15 0.07 0.03 55.00 S6 细晶白云岩 0.23 30.35 0.01 20.11 0.02 0.03 0.05 4.27 0.07 0.01 55.14 S7 中晶白云岩 0.33 30.32 0.00 19.95 0.01 0.03 0.10 4.85 0.05 0.00 55.64 S8 O1l 中晶白云岩 1.50 27.51 0.38 18.90 0.03 0.05 0.20 9.34 0.08 0.03 58.01 S9 O1l 中晶白云岩 1.68 27.65 0.38 19.47 0.03 0.05 0.20 9.53 0.07 0.02 59.08 S10 O1h 泥晶灰岩 0.15 53.14 0.00 0.43 0.03 0.03 0.03 2.69 0.01 0.00 56.50 S11 O1d 亮晶砂屑灰岩 0.31 50.16 0.00 0.51 0.01 0.08 0.10 7.22 0.01 0.01 58.39 S12 O1g 亮晶砂屑灰岩 0.92 42.77 0.34 0.33 0.03 0.06 0.32 7.92 0.03 0.02 52.74 S13 O2t 亮晶砂屑灰岩 0.82 45.47 0.07 0.33 0.03 0.04 0.16 8.61 0.05 0.02 55.60 
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表 2 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界碳酸盐岩微量元素含量
Table 2. Contents of trace elements of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in Nanjing area
样品编号 层位 岩性 主要微量元素(10-6) Sc V Cr Co Ni Cu Rb Sr Nb Zr Ba S1 Z2dn 泥晶白云岩 4.011 8.698 15.016 41.189 9.865 8.911 7.484 37.853 2.251 136.444 45.739 S2 Z2dn 泥晶白云岩 3.460 8.650 16.580 38.600 10.130 8.570 9.760 41.000 2.680 134.579 38.900 S3 粉-细晶白云岩 2.270 8.340 17.440 26.750 9.450 7.980 7.830 59.000 2.540 142.560 46.500 S4 粉-细晶白云岩 3.670 9.540 17.970 25.310 9.850 8.140 7.720 57.210 2.330 139.450 45.350 S5 细晶白云岩 5.020 13.126 19.911 23.149 10.731 7.720 9.326 92.846 2.705 135.242 51.247 S6 细晶白云岩 4.814 10.062 49.194 20.781 21.882 5.931 5.196 77.817 2.393 133.618 51.285 S7 中晶白云岩 5.336 10.152 15.656 19.565 12.784 4.362 5.732 105.918 2.287 132.765 1 359.137 S8 O1l 中晶白云岩 6.545 15.423 30.611 19.036 14.981 78.090 13.434 101.387 3.694 141.903 106.829 S9 O1l 中晶白云岩 6.290 14.960 26.850 20.870 16.380 69.540 12.730 118.000 3.250 138.500 98.800 S10 O1h 泥晶灰岩 7.025 8.773 11.170 22.408 17.438 143.918 4.351 202.126 2.179 132.746 75.019 S11 O1d 亮晶砂屑灰岩 5.280 15.470 13.462 21.356 19.841 23.116 5.721 290.706 2.236 131.871 167.312 S12 O1g 亮晶砂屑灰岩 5.671 18.911 27.977 16.335 17.030 7.312 9.283 128.187 2.548 136.879 143.685 S13 O2t 亮晶砂屑灰岩 5.627 18.610 27.130 19.153 18.630 11.775 7.984 218.045 3.344 137.784 138.366
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表 3 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素含量及Z值、T值
Table 3. Carbon and oxygen isotope content, Z value and T value of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in Nanjing area
样品编号 层位 岩性 13C(‰, PDB) 18O(‰, PDB) Z值(盐度指数) T(℃) S1 Z2dn 泥晶白云岩 4.3 1.0 136.6 12.0 S2 Z2dn 泥晶白云岩 3.9 -0.6 135.0 18.5 S3 粉-细晶白云岩 0.1 -6.1 124.4 46.0 S4 粉-细晶白云岩 0.4 -5.5 125.3 42.9 S5 细晶白云岩 -0.2 -8.1 122.9 58.1 S6 细晶白云岩 -0.3 -9.6 121.9 67.7 S7 中晶白云岩 -0.8 -8.5 121.4 60.6 S8 O1l 中晶白云岩 -1.0 -10.7 119.9 75.2 S9 O1l 中晶白云岩 -1.2 -11.1 119.3 78.0 S10 O1h 泥晶灰岩 -0.1 -12.4 120.9 S11 O1d 亮晶砂屑灰岩 -0.8 -11.8 119.8 S12 O1g 亮晶砂屑灰岩 0.8 -12.2 122.9 S13 O2t 亮晶砂屑灰岩 -0.7 -11.6 120.1
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表 4 南京地区上震旦统-下古生界碳酸盐岩样品稀土元素含量(10-6)
Table 4. REE contents (10-6) of Upper Sinian-Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in Nanjing area
样品编号 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 层位 Z2dn Z2dn O1l O1l O1h O1d O1g O2t 岩性 泥晶白云岩 泥晶白云岩 粉-细白云岩 粉-细晶白云岩 细晶白云岩 细晶白云岩 中晶白云岩 中晶白云岩 中晶白云岩 泥晶灰岩 亮晶砂屑灰岩 亮晶砂屑灰岩 亮晶砂屑灰岩 La 5.975 5.843 5.989 6.089 6.439 6.493 6.090 7.072 6.440 6.180 6.679 7.740 7.694 Ce 10.692 10.487 11.493 11.384 11.810 11.858 11.208 12.589 14.100 11.873 12.516 14.741 13.492 Pr 1.322 1.403 1.361 1.411 1.406 1.384 1.333 1.556 1.440 1.437 1.448 1.766 1.754 Nd 6.055 6.224 6.073 6.169 6.170 6.151 5.917 6.752 5.480 6.514 6.360 7.654 7.224 Sm 1.262 1.263 1.194 1.291 1.268 1.265 1.760 1.430 1.489 1.480 1.382 1.649 1.566 Eu 0.321 0.319 0.313 0.320 0.323 0.321 0.695 0.571 0.642 0.381 0.379 0.422 0.452 Gd 0.198 0.201 0.196 0.203 0.224 0.197 0.166 0.327 0.283 0.430 0.308 0.588 0.450 Tb 0.188 0.189 0.184 0.187 0.186 0.184 0.184 0.217 0.240 0.238 0.200 0.237 0.213 Dy 1.297 1.289 1.254 1.240 1.241 1.220 1.212 1.379 1.247 1.586 1.294 1.568 1.372 Ho 0.025 0.027 0.021 0.019 0.016 0.008 0.010 0.047 0.046 0.091 0.030 0.076 0.039 Er 0.127 0.124 0.098 0.081 0.072 0.065 0.062 0.162 0.187 0.328 0.109 0.258 0.147 Tm 0.055 0.058 0.052 0.053 0.053 0.049 0.055 0.071 0.084 0.089 0.061 0.073 0.059 Yb 0.407 0.398 0.400 0.392 0.384 0.358 0.363 0.498 0.500 0.661 0.410 0.557 0.433 Lu 0.083 0.081 0.084 0.084 0.082 0.080 0.083 0.101 0.100 0.132 0.088 0.101 0.088 ∑REE 28.008 27.906 27.906 28.712 29.674 29.632 29.138 32.570 32.278 31.420 31.264 37.429 34.983 ∑LREE 25.627 25.539 25.539 26.423 27.416 27.470 27.003 29.769 29.591 27.865 28.765 33.972 32.182 ∑HREE 2.381 2.367 2.289 2.259 2.258 2.161 2.135 2.801 2.687 3.555 2.499 3.458 2.801 ∑LREE/∑HREE 10.762 10.788 11.157 11.697 12.143 12.709 12.646 10.628 10.628 7.838 11.510 9.825 11.491 (La/Yb)N 9.886 9.898 10.094 10.472 11.315 12.233 11.298 9.581 8.684 6.300 10.986 9.361 15.079 δCe 0.879 0.855 0.933 0.903 0.905 0.909 0.907 0.876 1.071 0.927 0.927 0.925 0.852 δEu 0.920 0.914 0.946 0.898 0.912 0.921 1.478 1.394 1.535 0.872 0.962 0.840 0.980 注：下标N代表稀土元素的标准化值.ΣREE、ΣLREE和ΣHREE分别代表总稀土、轻稀土和重稀土元素质量分数.δCe=2CeN/(LaN+ PrN)，δEu=2EuN/(SmN+GdN).
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