Control of Multi-Scale Mechanical Stratigraphy on Development of Faults and Fractures
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摘要: 岩石力学层是控制断层裂缝系统的重要因素，岩石力学层级次和分布特征影响油气富集和高产.岩石力学层界面类型、特征及其对裂缝限制能力的差异决定了界面之间的岩石力学层存在多尺度特征，并影响不同尺度裂缝的垂向延伸.多尺度岩石力学层划分方法包括裂缝层和构造层等构造变形方法、岩石学方法、层序地层学方法、测井数据反演力学参数法、实测岩石力学参数法、叠前地震数据反演等.岩性是岩石力学性质演化和裂缝发育的物质基础，岩性组合控制了多尺度岩石力学层的纵向分布规律.岩石力学层界面对裂缝的限制能力决定了对应岩石力学层的尺度.岩石力学层厚控制了层内裂缝密度，主要有裂缝间距指数线性模型和幂函数模型两种定量关系.大尺度岩石力学层控制了大尺度断层裂缝的倾角、密度及构造样式等特征，进一步控制了流体运移、富集和成藏，决定了含油层系的垂向分布以及有利储层的发育.中小尺度力学层及微尺度力学层控制了断溶体储层垂向非均质性.研究深化了对多尺度断层裂缝主控因素的理解，为油气渗流富集研究以及裂缝性储层建模提供了依据.Abstract: Mechanical stratigraphy is an essential factor in controlling fault and fracture system. The scaling and distribution characteristics of mechanical stratigraphy are important geological factors affecting oil and gas enrichment and the yield of the tight reservoir. The multi-scale characteristics of mechanical stratigraphy are determined by types, characteristics, and the limiting capacity of mechanical stratigraphic interfaces, which affects the vertical extension of faults and fractures with different scales. The study and division methods of multi-scale mechanical stratigraphy include the structural deformation (such as the fracture layer and the structural layer) method, the petrology method, the sequence stratigraphy method, the logging data inversion mechanical parameter method, the measured rock mechanical parameter method, the prestack seismic data inversion, and so on. Lithology is the basis for the evolution of mechanical properties and the development of faults and fractures. Lithology combination controls the distribution of multi-scale mechanical stratigraphy. The mechanical interface limiting capacity to fractures determines the scale of the corresponding mechanical stratigraphy. The thickness of mechanical stratigraphy has a noticeable control effect on the fracture density and mainly includes two quantitative relationships: the linear model and the power function model of the fracture spacing index. Large-scale mechanical stratigraphy controls the characteristics of large-scale fractures and faults, such as dip angles, densities, and structural style, and controls reservoir development, fluid migration and enrichment, and determines the vertical distribution of oil-bearing formations and the development of favorable reservoirs. Medium to small-scale and micro-scale mechanical stratigraphy controls the vertical heterogeneity of fracture⁃cavity reservoirs. This study deepens the understanding of the main controlling factors of multi-scale fractures and provides a reference to the research of petroleum seepage and fractured reservoir modeling.
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图 1 塔里木盆地形成演化及盆地中部岩性柱状图(据李丕龙, 2010; 黄诚, 2019)
Fig. 1. The formation and evolution of the Tarim Basin and the lithologic histogram of the central basin (according to Li, 2010; Huang, 2019)
图 2 塔里木盆地构造单元及台盆区塔河‒顺北地区主要断层构造(据徐豪等, 2021)
Fig. 2. Structural units of the Tarim Basin and main faults in the carbonate platform of the Tahe-Shunbei area (according to Xu et al., 2021)
图 3 大湾沟野外露头柯坪塔格组层序地层与岩石力学层划分及对比
a.野外剖面裂缝发育特征；b. 岩性；c.岩石力学层与裂缝发育模式
Fig. 3. The division and correlation of the sequence stratigraphy and the mechanical stratigraphy of the Kepingtage Formation in the Dawangou outcrop
图 4 塔里木盆地中部一间房组岩石力学参数方法划分岩石力学层结果
岩石力学层道中，红色的是一类岩石力学层，黄色的是二类岩石力学层，白色是三类岩石力学层
Fig. 4. The mechanical stratigraphic division by the rock mechanical parameter method of the Yijianfang Formation in the central Tarim Basin
图 5 根据裂缝密度划分裂缝层和岩石力学层(据Bertotti et al., 2007修改)
Fig. 5. Fracture layers and mechanical stratigraphic layers divided according to the fracture density (modified from Bertotti et al., 2007)
图 7 塔里木盆地中部大尺度岩石力学层划分结果及断裂解释
图b中黑色的层位为大尺度岩石力学层界面，黄色是其他主要地震反射层；近东西向剖面的位置为图 2中的AA’
Fig. 7. The large-scale fault-fracture interpretation and the mechanical stratigraphic division of the seismic section in the central Tarim Basin
图 8 台盆区一间房组测井数据预测裂缝发育段占比
Fig. 8. Proportions of fracture development sections predicted by logging data of the Yijianfang Formation in the platform area
图 9 裂缝密度与岩石力学层厚度关系
Fig. 9. Relationship between the fracture density and the mechanical stratigraphic thickness
图 10 一间房组微裂缝被缝合线和岩性界面限制
Fig. 10. Microfractures of the Yijianfang Formation limited by stylolites and lithologic interfaces
图 11 裂缝密度对数值与岩石力学层厚度对数值关系
Fig. 11. Relationship between fracture density and mechanical stratigraphy thickness in the logarithmic coordinate
图 12 一间房组不同深度钻井液漏失量
Fig. 12. Drilling mud leakage at different depths of the Yijianfang Formation
图 13 微裂缝发育特征对孔隙度和渗透率关系的影响
Fig. 13. The influence of microfracture development characteristics on the relationship between the porosity and the permeability
图 14 多尺度岩石力学层的岩石力学层界面类型、研究方法及其对流体的控制作用
Fig. 14. Interface types and study methods of multi-scale mechanical stratigraphy and their controls on geofluids
表 1 多尺度断层裂缝、裂缝层及力学层界面划分方案
Table 1. Multi-scale classification scheme of fractures, fracture layers, and mechanical stratigraphy interfaces
参考文献 分类依据及方案 Becker and Gross, 1996; Gross and Eyal, 2007 裂缝穿层性：穿层(Throughgoing)裂缝、层内(Bed-contained)裂缝 Bourbiaux et al., 2002 裂缝尺度和发育特征综合分类：野外尺度疏导、大尺度稀疏分布、大‒中规模连通、小尺度连通、小尺度不连通裂缝 Zahm and Hennings, 2009 不同级次岩石力学层界面与裂缝的关系：层控裂缝(Lamina-bound)、相控裂缝(Facies-bound)、层序限制裂缝(Sequence-bound)、穿层裂缝 Strijker et al., 2012 裂缝尺度：一级裂缝(Fracture swarms，裂缝长度大于600 m)、二级裂缝(Non-stratabound fracture systems，裂缝长度大于600 m)、三级裂缝(Stratabound small-scale fractures) Rustichelli et al., 2013 力学层界面类型及其对裂缝的限制能力：地层单元边界、微相组合(Facies associations)边界、沉积相(Facies)边界 Li et al., 2018 页岩层系中裂缝的尺度：米级、分米级、厘米级和毫米级 董少群等, 2020 裂缝尺度：大尺度、中尺度、小尺度裂缝 曾联波等, 2020;吕文雅等, 2021 油藏内天然裂缝规模及其控制界面：大尺度裂缝、中尺度裂缝、小尺度裂缝和微尺度裂缝 Zeng et al., 2021 断层和裂缝的发育特征和规模：Ⅰ类断层、Ⅱ类断层、大尺度裂缝、中尺度裂缝、小尺度裂缝和微尺度裂缝 
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表 2 塔里木盆地中部构造层划分方案及其构造特征
Table 2. The division scheme and structural characteristics of structural layers in the central Tarim Basin
参考文献 分层 岩性 构造特征 韩俊等, 2021 下寒武统 南华系‒震旦系裂谷‒拗陷体系及下寒武统碳酸盐岩台地 正断层控制的半地堑、柯坪运动构造反转形成古隆起 中寒武统 中寒武统膏盐岩层，非能干地层，具塑性流动特征 膏盐岩流动形成盐撤凹陷和盐拱背斜，走滑花状构造和局部膏盐岩滑脱断层 上寒武统‒中奥陶统 上寒武统下秋里塔格组到中奥陶统一间房组的碳酸盐岩地层 直立主断裂与分支断裂形成的花状构造，溶蚀改造形成“串珠”状地震反射 上奥陶统‒志留系 上奥陶统却尔却克组泥岩和志留系碎屑岩 雁列张扭式走滑断裂 林波等, 2021 中‒下寒武统海相碳酸盐岩 海相碳酸盐岩沉积层，顶部和中部均发育一套膏盐岩层 走滑断裂为直立线性断层(倾角大于80°)，在膏盐层垂向分段叠接，T81界面可见膏盐滑脱构造 上寒武统‒中奥陶统海相碳酸盐岩 海相碳酸盐岩沉积，白云岩与灰岩的组合 走滑断裂在深部呈陡直状(倾角大于80°)，向上逐渐发散，形成典型的花状构造变形 上奥陶统泥岩 巨厚层状的海相泥岩沉积，为明显的构造软弱层 在线性走滑断裂上方发育大量撕裂型雁列正断层，雁列正断层的断层倾角变缓至40°~50° 志留系‒中泥盆统海相碎屑岩 砂岩与泥岩互层，刚性地层 断裂构造样式与下伏构造层一致，呈地堑向下收敛，断层倾角多为40°~55° 上泥盆统‒石炭系海陆交互相地层 砂岩与泥岩互层夹少量灰岩段，刚性地层 以正断层为主，断层倾角多为40°~55° 二叠系海陆交互相叠加火山岩 碎屑岩地层夹火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩为主，刚性地层 顶部见少量正断层分布，在地震剖面上与下伏的走滑断裂并未连接 邬光辉等, 2021 前南华系基岩 南华系‒震旦系裂谷建造 寒武系‒奥陶系克拉通海相碳酸盐岩 志留系‒白垩系碎屑岩 新生界前陆盆地碎屑岩 黄诚, 2019 寒武系‒中奥陶统，以加里东中期Ⅰ幕不整合面为顶界 上奥陶统，以加里东中期Ⅲ幕不整合面为顶界 志留系‒中泥盆统，以海西早期不整合界面为顶界 东河塘组‒二叠系，以海西晚期不整合界面为顶界 中‒新生界
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表 3 塔里木盆地中部大尺度岩石力学层划分结果及其特征
Table 3. The division and characteristics of the large-scale mechanical stratigraphy in the central Tarim Basin
地层和岩性 力学层顶界面 构造特征 前寒武基底 T90 正断层及其组合成的地堑，局部由于构造反转成为逆断层 中下寒武统，海相碳酸盐岩含塑性的膏岩和泥页岩 T81 高角度的走滑断裂，膏岩滑动相关的中低角度正、逆断层 上寒武统‒中奥陶统碳酸盐岩 T74 高角度走滑断裂带，以及断裂带之间独立的高角度断层和大尺度裂缝 上奥陶统厚层泥岩、泥晶灰岩 T70 走滑断裂带上部雁列正断层，高角度断层和大尺度裂缝 志留系‒石炭系砂泥岩互层，上部石炭系含灰岩地层 T54 中低角度断层和大尺度裂缝，走滑断裂带上部更加发育 二叠系，砂泥岩和火山岩地层 T50 中高角度断层裂缝，在平面上表现出多边形裂缝特征 三叠系，泥岩、粉砂岩为主 T46 中高角度断层裂缝为主 侏罗系‒古近系，砂岩和泥岩互层 T22 下部为中低角度断层裂缝，上部以高角度为主 新近系‒第四系，碎屑岩以砂岩和粉砂岩为主 地表 以中低角度断层裂缝为主
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