Triassic Compressional-Extensional Transition in Mengshan Area, NW Jiangxi Province, and Its Ore-Controlling Significance for Wollastonite Deposit
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摘要: 蒙山位于萍乐坳陷带西段的中部，三叠纪经历了较为复杂的构造‒岩浆过程，发育石竹山超大型硅灰石矿床.为了揭示该地区硅灰石矿的构造控矿机理，本研究基于野外宏观构造变形与室内显微构造特征的构造解析结合方解石EBSD分析，对该地区不同期次岩石变形特征进行了详细梳理.研究结果表明，蒙山地区三叠纪经历了两期构造变形事件，指示由挤压到伸展的构造体制转换：第一期（D1）为向SE低角度韧性逆冲推覆，伴随强烈的糜棱岩化；第二期（D2）为与蒙山花岗岩侵入相关的向SSW的伸展滑脱变形，变形灰岩发生大理岩化并伴有硅灰石矿化.微观构造分析表明，两期构造变形的方解石的颗粒大小和形态优选方位呈现出截然不同的特点.电子背散射衍射（EBSD）结果显示：D1变形方解石晶的C轴极密发育在Z轴附近，呈单斜对称指示向SE的逆冲型剪切；D2变形方解石发育多个随机分布的C轴极密，其经历同构造变质重结晶，重置了D1的微观构造变形.晚三叠世蒙山岩体侵入D1变形带，指示D1变形时限早于蒙山岩体的侵位时间；D2韧性滑脱变形和硅灰石矿化均受蒙山岩体侵位的伸展构造‒热体制控制，伸展滑脱导致层带状富矿化.D1变形与赣西北地区普遍存在的NW-SE向强烈挤压作用有关，受控于中三叠世华南与华北板块碰撞；D2变形则是在先期挤压变形基础上，于晚三叠世发生岩石圈伸展调整的结果.Abstract: Mengshan, located in the middle of the western Pingxiang-Leping depression zone, have experienced complex tectono-magmatic processes during the Triassic, forming the Shizhushan giant wollastonite deposit. In order to reveal the structural ore-controlling mechanism of wollastonite deposit, in this study it probes into the rock deformation characteristics of different periods in detail based on the structural analysis of macroscopic and microscopic structural and the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis of calcite. The results show that Mengshan experienced two tectonic deformation events during Triassic, indicating a tectonic regime transition from compression to extension. The D1 event is characterized by low angle ductile thrust with top-to-the-SE, accompanied by intense calci-mylonitization. The D2 event is a top-to-the-SSW extensional detachment related to the intrusion of the Mengshan granite. The deformed limestone is marmarosis and wollastonite mineralization. The microstructure analysis shows that the grain size and shape preferred orientation of calcite in the two deformed stages have different characteristics. EBSD results show that the D1 deformed calcite displays a wide c-axis maximum close to Z, indicating monoclinic symmetry and a top-to-the-SE thrust shearing. The calcite of D2 event developed randomly oriented c-axis poles, and underwent syn-tectonic recrystallization which resulted in resetting the microstructures of D1 event. The Late Triassic Mengshan granite intruded into the first deformation zone as a post-kinematic product in an extensional tectonic background that provides time constraints for the deformations. The D2 ductile detachment and wollastonite mineralization were both controlled by the extensional tectono-thermal system of the Mengshan granite. The extensional detachment leads to layered rich mineralization. The D1 deformation can be related to the strong NW-SE compression widely developed in the Northwest Jiangxi Province, which was controlled by the collision of the South China block and North China block during the Middle Triassic. The D2 deformation is the result of lithospheric extension adjustment in the Late Triassic on the basis of previous compressional deformation.
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图 1 华南板块构造示意(a)(据Qiu et al., 2014改)和萍乐坳陷带西段地质构造简图(b)
1.第四系卵石、泥沙质沉积，河湖‒沼泽碎屑泥炭建造；2.上白垩统河湖红色碎屑岩建造；3.上三叠统‒下侏罗统海陆交互含煤建造；4.上二叠统‒中三叠统海相沙泥岩‒碳酸盐建造；5.上石炭统‒中二叠统碳酸盐岩建造；6.上泥盆统‒下石炭统滨浅海碎屑岩建造；7.新元古界泥沙质浊积建造；8.侏罗纪花岗岩；9.三叠纪花岗岩；10.志留纪花岗岩；11.新元古代花岗岩；12.角度不整合界线及构造层界线；13.韧性剪切带；14.推覆断层；15.滑（脱）覆断层；16.印支期向斜构造；17.印支期背斜构造
Fig. 1. Tectonic sketch map of the South China block (a) (modified from Qiu et al., 2014) and geological map of the western Pingxiang-Leping depression (b)
图 2 蒙山地区地质图(a)和石竹山矿区地质剖面(b) (据Yang et al., 2021改)
Fig. 2. Geological map of the Mengshan district (a) and geological section of the Shizhushan mining area (b) (modified from Yang et al., 2021)
图 3 逆冲推覆构造宏观变形特征
a~b.低角度韧性逆冲变形的硅质条带钙质糜棱岩，面理呈低角度倾向NW；c.钙质糜棱岩糜棱面理及其中的剪切揉流褶皱；d~e.不对称透镜体以及呈“S”形弯曲的标志层；f.剪切带中的S-C组构，指示由NW向SE的低角度逆冲；g.硅质团块“多米诺骨牌”构造；h.点Jx022处高角度层理及低角度劈理；i.侵入切割灰质糜棱岩糜棱面理的花岗斑岩脉；j.构造剖面图B-B’；k.逆冲推覆面理与线理赤平投影
Fig. 3. Macroscopic deformation characteristics of the D1 thrust structure
图 4 伸展构造宏观变形特征
a. 蒙山岩体南侧茅口组中韧性滑脱变形导致的硅质条带的不连续流动构造；b.层带状硅灰石矿化带，面理倾向南；c.蒙山岩体与南侧茅口组低角度正断层边界；d.韧性滑脱变形塑性流动构造；e.硅灰石大理岩矿体卷入滑脱型塑性流变；f.蒙山岩体断层边界处断层角砾岩；g.方解石重结晶形成粒度变粗的条带，反映同构造的重结晶；h.韧性改造的硅灰石团块；i.晚期断层角砾岩，断层角砾主要为大理岩；j.构造剖面图C-C’；k.伸展滑脱面理与线理赤平投影
Fig. 4. Macroscopic deformation characteristics of the D2 extensional structures
图 5 韧性逆冲推覆构造带内方解石的微观变形特征
a~b.方解石残斑被动态重结晶颗粒包围，形成典型的核‒幔结构，主晶粒也发生变形导致双晶纹及其弯曲；c.方解石糜棱岩化，不对称碎斑及拖尾指示由北西向南东的逆冲型剪切；d.碎斑沿解理破裂，发育“多米诺骨牌”构造，指示由北西向南东的逆冲型剪切；e~f.方解石残斑向剪切方向偏转，指示由北西向南东的逆冲型剪切
Fig. 5. Microscopic deformation characteristics of calcite within the D1 thrusting ductile shear zone
图 6 伸展滑脱构造带内方解石的微观变形特征
a.变质重结晶的粗粒方解石，发育三结点，颗粒弱变形，双晶纹薄且平直；b.变质重结晶的方解石颗粒定向拉长，保留部分三结点，呈现过渡特点；c.变质重结晶的方解石颗粒强定向拉长，不发育三结点；d. 断层角砾岩，角砾中方解石具有强定向性
Fig. 6. Microscopic deformation characteristics of calcite within the D2 extensional detachment shear zone
图 9 方解石粒径及形状优选方向
a.方解石EBSD图像；b. Aztec Crystal软件对方解石颗粒面积统计；c. 方解石形状优选方位玫瑰花图.Jx014和Jx015为早期低角度韧性逆冲相关的灰质糜棱岩，Jx023、Jx026和Jx027为晚期韧性滑脱相关的大理岩化灰质糜棱岩
Fig. 9. Grain size and shape preferred orientation of calcite
图 7 韧性逆冲推覆构造带内方解石的晶格优选方位
下半球等面积投影，均匀间隔划分等高线；避免单颗粒面积对极图的影响，每个颗粒选取一个数据点
Fig. 7. Crystallographic preferred orientation of calcite within the D1 thrusting ductile shear zone
图 8 伸展滑脱构造带内方解石的晶格优选方位
下半球等面积投影，均匀间隔划分等高线；避免单颗粒面积对极图的影响，每个颗粒选取一个数据点
Fig. 8. Crystallographic preferred orientation of calcite within the D2 extensional detachment shear zone
图 10 两期构造变形中方解石演化示意
Fig. 10. Schematic sequence of calcite evolution of two tectonic deformation events
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