Development Characteristics, Evolution and Formation Mechanism of Luoxi Fault in Maigaiti Slope, Tarim Basin
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摘要: 塔里木盆地玉北地区发育一系列北东向断裂并获油气发现，断裂带内不同段的构造样式存在显著差异.以罗西断裂为例，结合断层分段特征与活动期次研究，应用砂箱物理模拟和应变分析技术，探讨罗西断裂的演化与形成机制.结果表明：罗西断裂是一个典型的逆冲-走滑复合构造，平面具有“三段式”生长特征，整体表现为隆起特征，局部出现“下凹”现象.基于不整合特征、深度-幅度曲线以及年代地层格架，认为罗西断裂主要经历三期变形：（1）加里东中期Ⅲ幕是罗西断裂雏形的形成时期，逆冲断裂开始微弱抬升；（2）加里东晚期是罗西断裂的主要活动时期，活动强度比加里东中期Ⅲ幕强烈；（3）海西早期是罗西断裂走滑改造的主要时期.砂箱物理模拟实验证实，“三期两向”叠加变形控制着罗西断裂的演化与形成机制，加里东中期Ⅲ幕和加里东晚期控制以斜向逆冲为主的隆起带的形成，海西早期张扭改造控制“下凹”的形成演化.应变分析指示逆冲-走滑复合构造有利储层部位主要集中在边界断层、与边界断层小角度斜交的走滑断层和断层交汇区域，这对塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩逆冲-走滑断裂控储与规模储层勘探有重要意义.Abstract: A series of NE-trending faults have been developed in the Yubei area of the Tarim basin and oil and gas were discovered. The structural styles of different segments of the fault zone are significantly different. In this paper, the Luoxi fault is taken as an example, the evolution and formation mechanism of the Luoxi thrust-strike-slip composite structure are discussed by means of sand box physical simulation and strain analysis, combined with the study of fault segmentation and active stages. The results show that Luoxi fault is a typical thrus-strike-slip composite strcture, and the plane of the Luoxi fault has a "three-segment" growth pattern, with uplift as a whole and sag as a local phenomenon. Based on the unconformity characteristics, depth-amplitude curves and chronostratigraphic framework, it is considered that the Luoxi fault experienced three stages of deformation: (1) the Middle Caledonian stage Ⅲ was the formative period of the rudiment of the Luoxi fault, and the thrust fault begins to rise weakly; (2) the late Gariton Luoxi fault is the main active stage, and the active intensity is stronger than the stage Ⅲ of Middle Caledonian; (3) the Early Hercynian period is the main period of strike slip reformation of Luoxi fault. The sandbox physical simulation experiment confirmed that the "three stages and two directions" superimposed deformation controlled the evolution and formation mechanism of the Luoxi fault, and the Middle Caledonian Ⅲ episode and the Late Caledonian stage controlled the formation of the oblique thrust uplift belt, the formation and evolution of "sag" was controlled by the early transtensional deformation at the Early Hercynian period. Strain analysis indicates that the favorable reservoir positions of the thrust-strike-slip composite structure are mainly concentrated in the boundary fault, strike-slip fault with small angle oblique intersection with the boundary fault and the fault confluence area, this is of great significance to the exploration of Tarim basin carbonate reservoirs controlled by thrust-strike-slip faults and large-scale reservoirs.
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Key words:
- fault segmentation /
- fault movement period /
- formation mechanism /
- analogue model /
- Luoxi fault /
- Tarim basin /
- petrolum geology
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图 1 塔里木盆地构造单元与局部地区断裂分布
a.塔里木盆地构造单元划分；b.研究区主要断裂分布
Fig. 1. Structural units and local fault distribution of Tarim basin
图 2 罗西断裂古构造、断裂分布与分段特征
a.海西晚期鹰山组顶界（T74）古构造与断裂分布；b.海西晚期阿瓦塔格组底界（T82）古构造与断裂分布
Fig. 2. Paleostructure, fault distribution and segmentation characteristics of the Luoxi fault
图 3 罗西断裂的分段特征
a.罗西断裂T74断距-距离曲线；b.T74与T82断裂带宽度-距离曲线；横坐标为测线编号
Fig. 3. Segmentation characteristics of the Luoxi fault
图 6 罗西断裂地层剥蚀量恢复(纵横比1∶1)
Fig. 6. Restoration of strata denudation in the Luoxi fault (vertical to horizontal equals 1∶1)
图 7 罗西断裂典型地震剖面与深度-幅度变化曲线(纵向拉伸2.5倍)
Fig. 7. Typical seismic profile and depth-amplitude variation curves in the Luoxi fault (vertical to horizontal equals 2.5∶1)
图 8 罗西逆冲-走滑复合构造形成演化历史(纵向拉伸36倍)
Fig. 8. Formation and evolution history of the Luoxi thrust-strike-slip composite structure (vertical to horizontal equals 36∶1)
图 9 利用不同期次断层性质变化分析古应力方向
Fig. 9. Analysis of paleo-stress direction by using the variation of fault properties at the different times
图 10 地质模型结构设置与边界参数
Fig. 10. Structure setting and boundary parameters of geological model
图 12 罗西断裂“压隆-下凹”构造的形成机制
Fig. 12. Formation mechanism of "uplift-depression" structure of Luoxi fault
图 11 罗西断裂“两期-异向”叠加变形过程物理模拟
Fig. 11. Physical simulation of "two-stages and different direction" superposition deformation process of the Luoxi fault
图 13 罗西断裂形成过程及其平面应变分布特征
Fig. 13. Formation process and characteristics of plane strain distribution of Luoxi fault
表 1 罗西断裂不同段构造特征
Table 1. Structural characteristics of different sections of the Luoxi fault
构造特征 南段 中段 北段 走向 75° 70° 67° 延伸长度 8.6 km 19.7 km 8.7 km 断距 北支断距 0~50 m 180~480 m 0 m 南支断距 0 m 130~270 m 0 m 断裂带宽度 T74 0~1.9 km 1.1~2.2 km 1.6~3.5 km T82 0.2~2.0 km 0.5~2.8 km 1.0~2.1 km 
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表 2 实验采用相似性材料物理性质(实验结果得自Hubbert直剪仪)
Table 2. Physical properties of similar materials used in experiments (experimental results obtained from Hubbert direct shear apparatus)
材料 石英砂 云母粉 石英砂-云母粉混合材料 粒径(μm) 106~230 106~230 106~230 铺设方式 筛撒 筛撒 筛撒 密度(g/cm3) 1.36 1.10 1.24 内摩擦角φ(°) 27.4 21 24.8 内摩擦系数μ 0.52 0.38 0.46 内聚力C(Pa) 149 83 101
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