How to Evaluate Quantitatively Collapse and Recovery Processes of Ecosystems During and After Mass Extinctions?
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图 1 食物链金字塔卡通图显示二叠纪-三叠纪之交海洋生态系统的坍塌与重建过程(Chen and Benton, 2012)
a.在大灭绝中生态系统经历两次崩塌过程；b.大灾难后，生态系统按食物链营养级别从底层至顶层，阶梯式的重建，其过程跨越早-中三叠世，最终需要约800万年才完成复苏与重建
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