青弋江流域河流水化学与岩石风化过程

黄鑫; 靳孟贵; 梁杏; 马斌; 张结; 曹明达; 张志鑫; 苏晶文

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2023.005

青弋江流域河流水化学与岩石风化过程

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.005

黄鑫^1, ,,
靳孟贵^1, , ,,
梁杏¹,
马斌¹,
张结¹,
曹明达¹,
张志鑫¹,
苏晶文²

1.
中国地质大学环境学院, 湖北武汉 430078
2.
南京地质调查中心, 江苏南京 210016

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金面上项目 41877192

中国地质大学（武汉）中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目 CUGDCJJ202213

中国地质调查局项目 DD20190261

详细信息

作者简介:
黄鑫（1996-），男，博士研究生，主要从事地下水流系统及污染方面的研究.ORCID：0000-0002-3019-8295. E-mail：cughx2014@163.com

通讯作者:
靳孟贵, ORCID: 0000-0002-0125-4286. E-mail: mgjin@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: P641.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-09-11
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-03
- 刊出日期: 2024-07-25

Riverine Water Chemistry and Rock Weathering Processes of Qingyi River Basin

1.
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
2.
Nanjing Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China

摘要

摘要: 为研究中国东部亚热带流域的岩石风化特征，以长江下游青弋江流域为研究区，通过测定青弋江干支流河水及雨水的主要离子浓度，结合水化学和正演模型识别流域岩石风化特征并估算其岩石风化速率和对大气CO₂消耗速率.结果表明：流域岩石风化受人为活动影响小，岩石风化以碳酸参与风化为主，硫酸与硝酸的作用可忽略.流域河水阳离子主要来源为碳酸盐岩风化（占59.2%），其次为硅酸盐岩（17.9%）.大气降水和蒸发岩的贡献较低，分别占9.6%和5.6%.碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化速率均为上游山区支流‒徽水（32.04 t·km^‒2·a^‒1和20.97 t·km^‒2·a^‒1） > 青弋江干流（24.12 t·km^‒2·a^‒1和8.91 t·km^‒2·a^‒1） > 下游平原支流‒漳河（13.68 t·km^‒2·a^‒1和2.85 t·km^‒2·a^‒1）；CO₂消耗速率为徽水（5.86×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1和3.29×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1） > 青弋江（2.45×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1和2.43×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1） > 漳河（0.77×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1和1.39×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1）.青弋江流域的岩石风化以碳酸风化碳酸盐岩为主，其风化速率略低于我国东部的其他亚热带硅酸盐岩分布区.青弋江流域的化学风化速率在空间上有所差异，上游山区的硅酸盐岩风化为全流域贡献了更多碳汇，对区域碳循环过程具有重要意义.
- 亚热带 /
- 青弋江流域 /
- 岩石风化 /
- CO₂消耗 /
- 碳汇 /
- 水文地质
Abstract: To investigate the rock weathering processes in subtropical basin in east China, we analyzed major ion compositions of rivers and precipitation samples in the Qingyi River Basin in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. In this study, the characteristics of weathering processes in the Qingyi River Basin were identified, and the rock weathering rates and consumption rates of atmospheric CO₂ were estimated based on water chemistry and the forward model. The results show that the anthropogenic influences on rock weathering were not significant, which means the rock weathering in the study area was mainly induced by carbonic acid while the influence of sulfuric acid and nitric acid could be neglected. The cations of rivers were mainly contributed by weathering of carbonates (59.2%), followed by weathering of silicates (17.9%). Atmospheric precipitation and evaporites contributed 9.6% and 5.6%, respectively. Spatially, the carbonate weathering rates and silicate weathering rates decreased in the order of tributary Huishui River in the upstream mountainous areas (32.04 t·km^‒2·a^‒1 and 20.97 t·km^‒2·a^‒1) > main stream of Qingyi River (24.12 t·km^‒2·a^‒1 and 8.91 t·km^‒2·a^‒1) > tributary Zhanghe River in the downstream areas (13.68 t·km^‒2·a^‒1 and 2.85 t·km^‒2·a^‒1). Similarly, the CO₂ consumption rates from carbonates weathering and silicate weathering were in the order of tributary Huishui River (5.86×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1 and 3.29×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1) > main stream of Qingyi River (2.45×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1 and 2.43×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1) > tributary Zhanghe River (0.77×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1 and 1.39×10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1). In conclusion, carbonate weathering induced by carbonic acid was dominant in the Qingyi River Basin, with chemical weathering rates slightly lower than those of similar silicate-dominated subtropical areas in east China. The rock weathering rates in the study area differed spatially. In particular, silicate weathering in upstream mountainous areas accounted for more carbon sink of the whole Qingyi River Basin, which is of great importance for the regional carbon cycle.
- subtropical /
- Qingyi River Basin /
- rock weathering /
- atmospheric CO₂ consumption /
- carbon sink /
- hydrogeology

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图 1 青弋江流域水文地质与采样点位置(根据Huang et al., 2022修改)

Fig. 1. Hydrogeological map and sampling locations of the Qingyi River basin (modified after Huang et al., 2022)

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图 2 青弋江干流及支流水化学Gibbs图

Fig. 2. Gibbs diagram of water chemistry of main stream and tributaries of the Qingyi River

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图 3 青弋江干流及支流主要离子Piper图

Fig. 3. Piper diagram of major ionic compositions of main stream and tributaries of the Qingyi River

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图 4 青弋江流域河水Na校正主要离子关系

Fig. 4. Relationships between the major ions normalized by Na of the Qingyi River Basin

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图 5 青弋江流域河水NO₃^‒/Na⁺与SO₄^2‒/Na⁺关系

Fig. 5. Relationships between molar ratios of NO₃^‒/Na⁺ and SO₄^2‒/Na⁺ of the Qingyi River Basin

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图 6 不同端元对青弋江流域河水阳离子的贡献率（a.干流；b.支流）

Fig. 6. Contribution of different endmembers to dissolved cations in surface water of the Qingyi River Basin (a. main stream; b. tributary)

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图 7 青弋江流域(Ca²⁺+ Mg²⁺)/HCO₃^‒与(a)SO₄^2‒/ HCO₃^‒及(b)NO₃^‒/HCO₃^‒的(当量比)变化关系

Fig. 7. The co-variations of the equivalent ratios of (Ca²⁺+ Mg²⁺)/HCO₃^‒ versus (a) SO₄^2‒/HCO₃^‒ and (b) NO₃^‒/HCO₃^‒ of the Qingyi River Basin

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表 1 青弋江流域河流水化学组分

Table 1. Chemical compositions of rivers in the Qingyi River Basin

类别	统计量	pH	EC	T	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl^‒	SO₄^2‒	NO₃^‒	HCO₃^‒	SiO₂
类别	统计量	pH	μS/cm	℃	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L
干流	最小值	7.19	98.1	24.3	22.6	130.0	357.5	83.3	65.2	50.1	56.4	632.1	25.0
	最大值	9.59	311.0	32.5	60.8	478.3	1 072.5	355.4	453.5	331.3	217.7	1 996.1	145.0
	平均值	7.85	147.6	27.8	36.6	193.1	534.9	161.2	188.3	117.3	121.4	1 023.1	110.2
	标准差	0.71	65.4	2.9	10.1	105.7	207.0	89.5	127.0	84.7	57.0	374.5	35.1
支流	最小值	6.70	73.6	20.0	14.1	63.5	193.0	80.0	27.8	42.4	0.0	400.0	94.3
	最大值	8.38	225.0	31.2	100.0	360.9	870.0	201.3	346.5	229.6	156.8	1 525.0	246.2
	平均值	7.78	153.7	26.0	51.2	163.6	619.6	141.8	189.6	96.9	75.0	1 156.6	138.3
	标准差	0.47	52.3	3.9	24.8	83.7	199.9	31.4	122.2	51.4	37.3	329.8	41.7

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表 2 青弋江流域雨水样品主要水化学组分

Table 2. Field parameters and major ions of precipitation samples in the Qingyi River Basin

	pH	EC	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl^‒	SO₄^2‒	NO₃^‒	HCO₃^‒
	pH	μS/cm	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L	μmol/L
最小值	6.10	6.1	1.7	8.0	12.6	1.5	14.0	9.7	10.6	1.7
最大值	8.70	195.2	4.1	204.8	632.5	187.1	291.9	185.6	689.4	2.3
平均值	7.05	50.1	2.9	71.3	140.0	34.4	73.1	57.1	145.3	2.0

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表 3 不同来源的离子摩尔比值

Table 3. Molar ratios of major ions from different endmembers

来源	Cl^-/Na⁺	NO$ {}_{3}^{-} $/Na⁺	SO$ {}_{4}^{2-} $/Na⁺	Ca²⁺/Na⁺	Mg²⁺/Na⁺	K⁺/Na⁺
大气降水	2.7	6.8	4.4	5.2	0.65	1.1
碳酸盐岩^a	0	0	0	50	20	0
硅酸盐岩^a	0	0	0	0.35	0.2	0.17
蒸发岩	-	-	-	-	-	-
人为活动^a	2	4	0	0	0	0.2
注：a引自Li et al. (2014).降水为研究区实测，由于研究区内无盐岩，计算时蒸发岩只考虑石膏([SO$ {}_{4}^{2-} $]_蒸发岩= [Ca²⁺]_蒸发岩).

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表 4 青弋江流域化学风化速率及CO₂消耗速率与我国其他流域对比

Table 4. Comparison of chemical weathering and CO₂ consumption rates between the Qingyi River Basin and other basins in China

数据来源	河流名称	年均流量	流域面积	SWR	CWR	Φ_{CO2硅酸盐岩}	Φ_{CO2碳酸盐岩}
数据来源	河流名称	10⁸ m³·a^‒1	km²	t·km^‒2·a^‒1		10⁵ mol·km^‒2·a^‒1
本研究M6	青弋江	48.56^*	7 195	8.91	24.12	2.43	2.45
本研究T4	徽水	8.42^*	1 064	20.97	32.04	5.86	3.29
本研究T10	漳河	2.61^*	1 450	2.85	13.68	0.77	1.39
Xu and Liu, 2010	西江	2 300	3.53×10⁵	7.45	78.5	1.54	8.04
余冲等, 2017	韩江	254	30 110	18.9	21.7	2.95	3.00
Liu et al., 2016	钱塘江	442.5	5.56×10⁴	16.2	24.9	2.73	3.69
刘宝剑等, 2013	嫩江	225	2.97×10⁵	2.80	1.37	0.40	0.29
陶正华等, 2015	澜沧江	290	8.6×10⁴	3.27	33.13	1.18	2.47
	怒江	531	1.13×10⁵	4.27	33.54	1.40	2.22
	金沙江	394	2.29×10⁵	1.39	16.93	0.34	1.40
Zhang et al., 2021	全球平均‒硅酸盐岩	-	-	1.67	-	-	-
注：*青弋江、徽水、漳河流量数据分别来源于西河水文站、平垣水文站、肇家埠水文站.韩江流域的流量为年径流量.

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