Study on Explosive Rockburst Mechanism Based on Two-Dimensional Meso-Fracture Model
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摘要: 为探明高地应力隧道爆喷型岩爆演化过程，采用矩阵离散元MatDEM，模拟分析爆喷型岩爆现象，探讨爆喷型岩爆机制. 结果表明：（1）爆喷型岩爆是一种缝合带区富含细观裂隙挤压硬岩隧道开挖卸荷扰动作用下，围岩发生突然高速喷射并伴有大量粉尘的现象；（2）爆喷型岩爆演化过程为4个阶段：裂隙激活及发展阶段、裂隙聚集碎岩阶段、破碎岩块高速喷射阶段、破碎岩块自由落体阶段；（3）爆喷型岩爆地质力学模式为张剪-喷射型：富含细观裂隙的挤压硬岩隧道，在开挖卸荷扰动作用下，发生以张拉破坏为主，剪切破坏为辅的聚集性破裂，积聚的弹性应变能突然释放并赋予破碎岩块动能，发生高速喷射. 研究成果为缝合带高地应力区硬岩隧道岩爆演化过程提供新的认识.Abstract: The occurrence environment and failure characteristics of explosive rockburst were collected and analyzed to explore the formation and evolution process of explosive rockburst in high geo-stress tunnels. The matrix discrete element numerical software MatDEM was used to simulate the phenomenon of explosive rockburst, and the mechanism of explosive rockburst was discussed. The results show that: (1) Explosive rock burst is a new type of rock burst phenomenon, rich in meso-fractures and squeezes rigid rock tunnels in high ground stress area of the suture zone. Under the action of excavation unloading disturbance, the surrounding rock bursts and breaks, and the sudden high-speed jet is accompanied by a large amount of dust. (2) The formation and evolution process of rockburst is divided into four stages: fracture activation and development stage, fracture aggregation and broken rock stage, high-speed jetting stage of broken rock block, and free-falling stage of broken rock block. (3) It is revealed that the geomechanical model of rockburst is tension-shear-jet type: under the action of excavation unloading disturbance, the surrounding rock of extruded rigid rock tunnel, which is rich in micro-fractures occurs aggregation fracture with tension failure as the primary and shear failure as the auxiliary. The elastic strain energy accumulated by the original extrusion suddenly releases and gives the broken rock high kinetic energy, and then the high-speed jet occurs. The research results provide a new understanding of rockburst formation and evolution process in complex rock tunnels in high-stress areas of the suture zone.
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Key words:
- explosive rockburst /
- rockburst mechanism /
- microscopic cracks /
- MatDEM /
- engineering geology
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图 6 二维细观裂隙生成结果示意图
Fig. 6. The schematic diagram of 2D meso-fracture generation results
图 7 数值模拟速度场（单位：m/s）
a. 裂隙激活及发展阶段（0 s）；b. 裂隙聚集碎岩阶段（模拟现实时间0.05 s）；c. 破碎岩块喷射阶段（模拟现实时间0.5 s）；d. 破碎岩块自由落体阶段（模拟现实时间0.8 s）
Fig. 7. Velocity field of numerical simulation(unit: m/s)
图 8 爆喷型岩爆现场发生过程照片
a. 裂隙激活及发展阶段（0 s）；b. 裂隙聚集碎岩阶段（模拟现实时间0.05 s）；c. 破碎岩块喷射阶段（模拟现实时间0.5 s）；d. 破碎岩块自由落体阶段（模拟现实时间0.8 s）
Fig. 8. Field process map of explosive rockburst
图 9 A1工况裂隙场演化特征
a. 裂隙激活及发展阶段（0 s）；b. 裂隙聚集碎岩阶段（模拟现实时间0.05 s）；c. 破碎岩块喷射阶段（模拟现实时间0.5 s）；d. 破碎岩块自由落体阶段（模拟现实时间0.8 s）
Fig. 9. Evolution characteristics of fracture field A1
图 10 不同围岩介质裂隙场结果
a. 细观裂隙数量0（A0，1 s）；b. 细观裂隙数量6 000（A1，1 s）
Fig. 10. Fracture field results of surrounding rock media
图 11 爆喷型岩爆发生过程示意图
a. 裂隙激活及发展阶段；b. 裂隙聚集碎岩阶段；c. 破碎岩块喷射阶段；d.破碎岩块自由落体阶段
Fig. 11. Process diagram of rockburst mechanism
表 1 爆喷型岩爆典型案例
Table 1. Typical cases of rockburst
里程 岩爆情况描述 岩爆等级 DK186+167 拱顶爆裂脱落，出现强烈弹射岩爆后形成弧形空腔. 发生岩爆时岩块有抛射及岩粉喷射现象；有爆破的爆裂声，声响强烈，可见块径8 cm岩块抛射，形成空腔体直径6×8×5 m 强烈 DK185+887.2 上台阶拱顶爆裂脱落，发生岩爆时岩块有抛射及岩粉喷射现象；有爆破的爆裂声，块径18 cm岩块抛射 强烈 DK186+185 右拱腰部位爆裂脱落，出现强烈弹射，发生岩块的抛射及岩粉喷射现象；有似爆破的爆裂声，声响强烈；持续时间长 强烈 DK186+171 右拱腰爆裂脱落，发生岩爆时岩块有抛射及岩粉喷射现象；有爆破的爆裂声，声响强烈，可见直径15 cm岩块抛射 强烈 DK186+193.8 左拱腰及掌子面爆裂脱落，发生岩爆时岩块有抛射及岩粉喷射现象；有爆破的爆裂声，声响强烈，可见直径15 cm岩块抛射 强烈 注：上述各里程的岩性均为闪长岩，裂隙闭合，未见地下水 
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表 2 闪长岩宏、微观力学参数训练对比结果表
Table 2. Table of macroscopic and microscopic mechanical parameters training comparison results of diorite
宏观力学参数 目标值（实测值） 材料训练结果值 微观力学参数 微观力学参数值 弹性模量E(GPa) 32.47 31.96 法向刚度$ {K}_{\mathrm{n}}\left(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}\right) $ 4.60 泊松比$ v $ 0.12 0.12 切向刚度$ {K}_{\mathrm{s}}\left(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}\right) $ 2.18 单轴抗压强度$ {R}_{\mathrm{c}}\left(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}\right) $ 82.8 79.64 断裂位移$ {X}_{\mathrm{b}}\left(\mathrm{m}\right) $ 5.51E-05 抗拉强度$ {T}_{\mathrm{u}}\left(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}\right) $ 4.23 9.63 抗剪力$ {F}_{\mathrm{s}0}\left(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}\right) $ 1.18 摩擦系数$ {\mu }_{i} $ 1.15 1.15 摩擦系数$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{p}} $ 0.45 密度$ \rho (\mathrm{k}\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}) $ 2 665.8 2 665.8
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