Groundwater-Surface Water Interaction and Its Mechanism in a Piedmont Fluvial-Alluvial Fan of an Alpine Watershed
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摘要: 差分流量测量、一维热传输方程、环境同位素和水化学等常规手段仍不能精细刻画高寒流域冲洪积扇复杂河段地下水与地表水交互机制. 因此，利用分布式光纤对葫芦沟流域冲洪积扇东支到干流河段的河床与河水表面进行高时空分辨率的连续温度监测，发现东支观测河段有12个地下水排泄点，干流观测河段均为地下水排泄带，排泄方式分别为集中流和扩散流. 并结合该流域的水文地质条件，提出了高寒流域冲洪积扇地下水与地表水交互作用概念模型，描绘了局部河段地下水排泄点/带，认为粉质粘土体的存在影响了地下水与河水的交互关系. 高寒流域冲洪积扇含水层的非均质性是影响地下水与地表水交互关系的重要因素，且影响的时空范围会随着气候变暖而逐步增大.Abstract: Conventional methods such as differential flow gauging, one-dimensional heat transport equations, and environmental isotopic and geochemical tracers are often used to study the interaction mechanism between groundwater and surface water in alpine watersheds. However, they can not accurately describe this mechanism on a small scale, such as the complex stream stretches of a piedmont fluvial-alluvial fan. Therefore, the piedmont fluvial-alluvial fan in the Hulugou Valley in the headwaters of the Heihe River was chosen as our study site. Discrete zones of groundwater discharge along the stream stretches from the east tributary to the mainstream were identified on the basis of variations in streambed temperature using a distributed temperature sensor (DTS). The DTS gives measurements of the spatial (±1 m) and temporal (10 min) variation of streambed temperature over a much larger reach of stream (~883 m) than previous methods. Results show that focused groundwater discharge has been identified in twelve points along the east tributary, and groundwater discharge in the mainstream has been dominated by diffuse flow. Combining the hydrogeology of this catchment, we build the conceptual model of interactions between groundwater and surface water in a piedmont fluvial-alluvial fan. The heterogeneity of fluvial-alluvial aquifers in the alpine watershed controls and impacts groundwater flow and its interaction with surface water. Furthermore, the impact's space-time scope will gradually increase with climate warming.
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图 1 含有中国地图的青藏高原水系分布图（a）、黑河源区西支流域水系图（b）及葫芦沟流域水文地质简图（c）
青藏高原地形底图来自地理空间数据云（
https://www.gscloud.cn ）；中国地理底图来自自然资源部标准地图服务系统，审图号：GS（2022）05285；黑河源区西支流域冰川分布数据来自王宗太（2013）；葫芦沟流域水文地质简图修改自常启昕(2019)Fig. 1. River system distribution map of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with the China map (a), River system distribution map of the West Branch of the Headwaters of the Heihe River (b) and the brief hydrogeological map of the Hulugou watershed (c)
图 2 研究区河水、地下水、泉水观测点以及分布式温度光纤位置布设图(a)和分布式温度光纤布设结构示意图(b)
葫芦沟流域遥感卫星底图来自 Earth 元地球（
https://pc.earthdq.com ，影像拍摄时间2018年12月26日）Fig. 2. Location of streamwater, groundwater, spring and DTS in the study site (a), and Schematic diagram of the DTS setting (b)
图 3 葫芦沟流域冲洪积扇缘附近河水温度、地下水温度和气温对比
Fig. 3. Comparison of streamwater, groundwater, and atmospheric temperature in the piedmont fluvial-alluvial fan margin of the Hulugou watershed
图 4 研究区不同监测河段的河床表面河水温度随时间变化箱形图
Fig. 4. Box plots showing median and quartiles for streambed surface temperature of the monitored river sections in the study site
图 5 研究区河床表面与河水表面温度沿流程变化特征图
Fig. 5. Temperature variation characteristics of streambed and streamwater surface along flow distance in the study site
图 7 异常点与正常点河床表面河水温度对比
Fig. 7. Comparison of streambed surfacetemperature between abnormal and normal points
图 8 高寒流域冲洪积扇复杂河段地下水-地表水交互作用概念模型（修改自常启昕等，2022）
Fig. 8. Conceptual model of interactions between groundwater and surface water along complex stream stretches of a piedmont fluvial-alluvial fan in the alpine watershed(modified from Chang et al., 2022)
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