The Characteristics of Giant Ooids from the Poduan Formation during the Early Middle Triassic and Its Environmental Significance at Poduan Section, Ceheng, Guizhou Province
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摘要: 二叠纪末期生物大灭绝之后的早三叠世，巨鲕作为一种异常碳酸盐沉积物，在全球范围内广泛发育，代表了不利于后生动物生存的极端温室气候条件，在中三叠世早期环境稳定后，异常碳酸盐沉积物变得十分罕见. 然而，贵州册亨坡短剖面中三叠世初巨鲕的发现，是否意味着该时期古海洋环境条件仍然没有恢复正常呢？对册亨坡短剖面坡段组底部碳酸盐岩进行了沉积微相和沉积组构分析，从鲕粒特征、鲕粒含量、生屑含量、沉积微相等角度综合分析鲕粒富集层位的沉积环境. 册亨坡短地区坡段组共发现了4种不同的鲕粒，包括普通同心鲕粒、巨型同心鲕粒、多晶鲕粒和泥晶鲕粒，可认为有两个鲕粒富集时期. 根据岩石结构和碳酸盐颗粒特征等识别出4种微相类型，包括鲕粒颗粒灰岩、泥晶灰岩、生物碎屑颗粒灰岩和双壳类砾状灰岩微相. 沉积微相分析表明册亨坡短地区在中三叠世早期为台地边缘的台缘鲕粒滩与生物碎屑滩交互沉积.这一地区坡段组所发育的巨鲕可能指示海水碳酸盐饱和度仍然十分高，表明该地区中三叠世初仍处于异常海洋环境，暗示着中三叠世全球海洋环境存在明显的区域性差异，这可能是中三叠世生物复苏辐射模式复杂的重要原因.Abstract: Giant ooids have been considered as abnormal sediment and distributed globally in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction, and represent a marine carbonate supersaturated state which is unfavourable to the survival of metazoans. The marine environment returned to normal in the early Middle Triassic when abnormal sediments became rare. However, the discovery of giant ooids in the early Middle Triassic at the Poduan section, Ceheng, Guizhou Province, could give us more insights into the marine environmental conditions during that time. In this study, the sedimentary microfacies and fabrics of the carbonate rocks at the bottom of the Poduan section were analyzed. The sedimentary environments of the giant ooid-bearing beds were comprehensively studied based on the oolitic characteristics, oolitic content, bioclastic content and sedimentary microfacies. It can be considered that there are two oolitic enrichment periods. Four kinds of oolitic grains have been found at the Poduan section, including common concentric oolitic grains, giant concentric oolitic grains, polycrystalline oolitic grains and mud crystal oolitic grains. Four sedimentary microfacies were identified based on rock structure and carbonate particle characteristics and could represent the interbedded deposition of platform margin oolitic shoal and bioclastic shoal. The development of giant ooids in this area indicated that the marine carbonate saturation is still very high and the abnormal marine environment occurred in this area during the early Middle Triassic. It suggests that there were obvious regional differences in the global marine environment during the Middle Triassic, which is an important reason for the complexity of the model of biotic recovery and radiation.
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图 1 贵州坡短剖面古地理位置与交通位置图
a. 华南板块中三叠世古地理图；b. 南盘江盆地中三叠世古地理图（据Lehrmann et al.，2005和Payne et al.，2005修改）；c.坡短剖面交通位置图
Fig. 1. Location of Poduan Section, Ceheng, Guizhou Province
图 2 贵州坡短剖面坡段组底部野外照片
a，b.坡段组底部薄层鲕粒灰岩；c.坡段组生物碎屑灰岩，含大量海百合茎；d，e.坡段组厚层生物碎屑灰岩；f. 坡段组与安顺组界线；g.安顺组白云岩
Fig. 2. Field photos of the lowermost of Poduan Formation at the Poduan Section, Guizhou Province
图 3 贵州坡短剖面坡段组底部双壳类化石
a.Leptochondria albertii；b. L.virgalensis；c，d. L.minima laevis；e. Eumorphotis（Asoella）paradoxica. 白色短线为5 mm
Fig. 3. Bivalvefossils from the lowermost of Poduan Formationat the Poduan Section
图 4 贵州坡短剖面坡段组底部沉积微相和沉积环境
MF1. 鲕粒颗粒灰岩微相；MF2. 泥晶灰岩微相；MF3. 生物碎屑颗粒灰岩微相；MF4. 双壳类砾状灰岩微相；F1.泻湖；F2.生物碎屑滩；F3.鲕粒滩；F4.滩间海；1. 双壳类生物；2. 管壳石；3. 海百合茎；4. 腹足类；5. 鲕粒
Fig. 4. Microfacies and depositional environments of the lowermost of Poduan Formation at the Poduan Section
图 5 坡段组底部巨鲕的露头照片
a，b. 手标本上的巨鲕，纹层下凹于鲕粒核心和围岩；c. 核心重结晶的同心鲕粒，纹层清晰，核心处见清晰的方解石结晶颗粒；d. 手标本上的巨鲕，纹层凸起于鲕粒核心和围岩；e. 纹层致密，低生长指数的巨鲕
Fig. 5. Ooidal field photos from the Poduan Formation at the Poduan Section
图 6 坡短剖面鲕粒的镜下照片
a. 普通同心鲕粒；b. 普通同心鲕粒，生长指数 > 1；c. 以内碎屑为核心的同心鲕粒；d. 以海百合茎为核心的同心鲕粒，纹层重结晶；e，f. 核心溶蚀结晶的同心鲕粒；g. 以鲕粒碎片为核心的同心鲕粒；h，i. 巨鲕；j. 巨鲕，生长指数 > 1；k. 核心溶蚀的巨型同心鲕，靠近核心的纹层发生溶断；l，m. 多晶鲕；n. 以多晶鲕为主的鲕粒灰岩；o. 泥晶鲕粒，仍可识别的核心；p. 图o中的泥晶鲕粒的局部特征，仅能识别核心与纹层的分界线，已经无发识别同心纹层特征；q.以多晶鲕粒和正常同心鲕粒为主的鲕粒灰岩
Fig. 6. Microscopic photos of ooids from the Poduan Formation at the Poduan Section
图 8 贵州坡短地区坡段组早期沉积模式
Fig. 8. Sedimentary model of the lower Poduan Formation in the Poduan area
表 1 坡段组鲕粒特征
Table 1. Ooidal cortical fabric and microscopic parameters from the Poduan Formation
粒径(mm) 含量(%) 鲕粒数量 鲕粒类型 主要特征 最小值 最大值 平均值 d/t 最小值 最大值 平均值 含量 同心鲕粒 普通鲕粒 纹层清晰, 结晶程度低, 鲕粒粒径 < 2 mm 0.12 1.56 0.64 0.8~5.1 1.19 27.09 10.30 38~42 579 巨鲕 纹层致密清晰, 鲕粒粒径 > 2 mm 2.03 9.39 4.03 0.1~15.7 0.00 25.84 6.28 45~53 118 重结晶鲕粒 多晶鲕粒 球形外壳, 方解石结晶颗粒填充 0.14 1.94 0.58 - 0.00 28.63 0.24 8~10 242 泥晶鲕粒 鲕粒泥晶化, 同心状纹层不清晰 0.29 6.62 1.11 - 0.00 1.84 0.12 0.1~2.0 7 注：d/t. 生长指数，即鲕粒核心直径（d）与纹层厚度（t）的比值 
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表 2 三叠纪不同地区的鲕粒主要类型及粒径大小
Table 2. The main types and sizes of ooids in different regions during the Triassic
地区 地层 鲕粒主要类型 鲕粒粒径(mm) 时期 文献来源 关刀 罗楼组 同心鲕粒, 巨鲕 0.6~2.2 Griesbachian Tian et al.（2015） 利川 大冶组 同心鲕粒, 巨鲕 1~5 Dienerian Mei（2008） 关刀 罗楼组(2) 同心鲕粒, 巨鲕 0.4~6.4 Dienerian Tian et al.（2015）; Li et al.（2013） 希腊 Agios Nikolaos组 同心放射鲕粒 0.1~2.0 Anisian Varkouhi and Ribeiro（2020） 保加利亚 Svidol组 同心放射鲕粒 < 2 Anisian Chatalov（2005a, 2005b) 坡短 坡段组 普通同心鲕粒, 巨鲕 0.12~9.32 Anisian 此次研究 四川盆地 雷口坡组 同心鲕粒 0.2~0.8 Anisian 谭秀成等(2014) 扒子场 垄头组 同心鲕粒 0.5~2.0 Ladinian 谭睿昶等(2018) 观音崖 马鞍塘组 同心放射鲕粒, 同心鲕粒 0.18~2.00 Carnian 姬国锋等(2016)
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