Division of Calcite Veins Stage, Paleo-Fluid Evolution and Hydrocarbon Charging History in the Middle and Lower Cambrin Strike-Slip Fault Zone in Keping Area, Northwest of Tarim Basin
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摘要: 新疆柯坪地区野外露头中下寒武统走滑断裂带充填多期方解石脉和固体沥青，是揭示流体活动和油气成藏过程的重要媒介.在野外露头断裂带中方解石脉、沥青充填特征观察的基础上，利用岩石薄片、阴极发光、微区原位稀土元素、碳氧同位素及流体包裹体等测试技术，厘定方解石脉形成期次、成脉流体性质及来源，揭示成脉古流体演化及其与油气充注的耦合关系.结果表明，柯坪地区中下寒武统走滑断裂中发育4~5期方解石脉（C1、C2、C3、C4、C5）；C1成脉流体为地层水，部分混合了上覆阿瓦塔格组地层卤水；C2、C3成脉流体主要为地层水与含烃热液流体的混合，但C3成脉温度稍低；C4成脉流体也主要为地层水，存在大气淡水的混合；C5成脉流体为地层水、含烃流体和大气淡水的混合.5期方解石脉分别形成于加里东中晚期、海西中晚期、印支-燕山中期、燕山晚期和喜马拉雅期，3期油气充注于海西中晚期、印支-燕山中期和喜马拉雅期.海西中晚期、印支-燕山中期可能是柯坪地区中下寒武统原生油气藏的主要形成时期，喜马拉雅期是原生油气藏破坏、调整和再聚集期.喜马拉雅期定型、与走滑断裂相关圈闭也具有优越成藏条件.Abstract: Multi-stage calcite veins and solid bitumen filled in the Middle and Lower Cambrian strike-slip fault zone of the field outcrops for Keping Area, northwest of Tarim basin, are important medium to reveal the fluid activity history and hydrocarbon accumulation process. Based on the observation of the filling and distribution characteristics of calcite veins and bitumen in outcrop of strike-slip fault zones, the paragenetic sequence of calcite veins and bitumen and the origin fluid properties were determined using the thin section observation, cathodoluminescence, in-situ trace and rare earth element testing, carbon and oxygen isotopes measurement, system analysis of fluid inclusion, and the evolution of paleo-fluid in the strike-slip fault zones of the Middle and Lower Cambrian and its coupling relationship with hydrocarbon charging process were investigated. The results show that there are at least five phases of calcite veins in the strike-slip fault zones of the Middle and Lower Cambrian for Keping area of Xinjiang, C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 respectively. The C1 calcite vein-forming fluid was mainly derived from formation water of the local layer and partly mixed with the brine of the Awatage Formation that infiltrated along the strike-slip fault. The C2 and C3 calcite vein-forming fluids were mainly the mixture of formation water and hydrocarbon-bearing hydrothermal fluids, but the formation temperature of C3 was slightly lower. The C4 calcite vein-forming fluid was mainly formation water, and there was mixing of atmospheric fresh water. The C5 calcite vein-forming fluid was mainly the mixture of formation water, hydrocarbon-bearing hydrothermal fluid and atmospheric fresh water. The formation stages of C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 calcite veins were associated with tectonic activities of Keping area and generated in the Middle and Late Caledonian periods, Middle and Late Hercynian periods, Indosinian to Middle Yanshanian periods, Late Yanshanian and Himalayan periods, respectively. Three hydrocarbon charging phases were recognized, the Middle and Late Hercynian periods, Indosinian to Middle Yanshanian period and Himalayan period, respectively. The Middle and Late Hercynian periods and the Middle Inindo-Yanshanian period may be the main formation period of the primary oil and gas reservoirs for the Middle and Lower Cambrian in the Keping area, and the Himalayan period was an important period of oil and gas reservoir adjustment and hydrocarbon reaccumulation. The traps formed in Himalayan period and related to strike-slip faults also have favorable conditions for petroleum accumulation.
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图 1 塔里木盆地构造纲要(a)、西北部构造单元划分(b)及寒武系岩性柱状简图(c)
Fig. 1. Tectonic elements and synthesis columnar section of Cambrian of northwestern Tarim basin
图 2 遥感影像中石灰窑剖面断裂发育位置、地层层系分布及不同层系断裂特征观察点示意
黄色实线为石灰窑剖面走滑断裂发育位置及走向变化，白色虚线为地层分界线，a、b、c和d浅蓝色线分别为肖尔布拉克组（Є1x）、伍松格尔组（Є1w）、沙依里克组（Є2s）和阿瓦塔格组（Є2a）典型走滑断裂结构及充填特征观察点
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of fault location, stratigraphic distribution and observation points of fault characteristics of different layers in remote sensing images of Shihuiyao profile
图 3 石灰窑剖面中下寒武统走滑断裂发育特征及方解石脉、沥青充填特征
a、b、c、d分别为图 2中石灰窑剖面肖尔布拉克组（Є1x）、伍松格尔组（Є1w）、沙依里克组（Є2s）、阿瓦塔格组（Є2a）NW向右旋走滑断裂发育及典型充填特征，其中a位于主断裂边缘，b~d为主断裂邻近的次级断裂.a-1、a-2、a-3分别为a中蓝色虚线方框内方解石脉的局部放大照片，主断裂边缘空腔中充填方解石脉体、断层角砾、渗流粉砂与沥青，方解石脉位于断层角砾、渗流粉砂和沥青两侧呈对称状分布且紧邻白云岩围岩，至少发育5期方解石脉和2期次沥青；a-4为a观测点稍下方断裂充填方解石脉及沥青特征，第1期次沥青位于C2之后，但分布局限且含量较低.b-1为b中蓝色虚线方框内局部放大照片，指示次级断裂中心充填方解石脉、断层角砾和沥青，方解石脉位于断层角砾和沥青两侧呈对称状分布；b-2为b-1中蓝色虚线方框区域方解石脉的局部放大照片，指示至少发育3期方解石.c-1为c中蓝色虚线方框内局部放大照片，c-2为c-1中蓝色虚线方框区域的局部放大照片，指示至少发育4期方解石脉；次级断裂核部充填多期方解石脉、断层角砾、渗流粉砂和沥青，断层角砾+渗流粉砂+沥青两侧方解石脉体呈对称状分布.d-1为d中蓝色虚线方框区域的局部放大照片，次级断裂核部充填方解石脉、断层角砾、渗流粉砂和沥青；d-2是d-1中蓝色虚线方框区域的局部放大照片，指示至少发育3期方解石脉
Fig. 3. Structural characteristics and calcite and bitumen filling characteristics in Middle and Lower Cambrian strike-slip fault of Shihuiyao profile
图 4 肖尔布拉克组走滑断裂带中5期次方解石脉岩石学及阴极光特征
图 3a-2中各期次方解石脉单偏光和阴极光照片；a、b、c、d为单偏光照片，a-1、b-1、c-1、d-1分别为对应的阴极光照片
Fig. 4. Characteristics of petrography and cathodoluminescences of calcite vein and bitumen from strike-slip fault of Xiaoerbulake Formation
图 5 石灰窑剖面下(a)、中(b)寒武统白云岩围岩及各期次方解石脉δ18OVPDB-δ13CVPDB关系
Fig. 5. Scatter plot of δ18OVPDB vs. δ13CVPDB of calcite veins and host-rock in the Middle and Lower Cambrian strike-slip fault, Shihuiyao profile
图 6 柯坪地区石灰窑剖面下寒武统各期次方解石脉与围岩稀土元素配分样式
Fig. 6. Rare earth element distribution patterns of calcite veins and host-rocks in the Lower Cambrian strike-slip fault of Shihuiyao profile
图 7 石灰窑剖面肖尔布拉克组和沙依里克组方解石脉盐水包裹体均一温度统计直方图(a)及其与盐度关系图(b)
Fig. 7. Histogram of homogenization temperatures of aqueous inclusions in calcite veins (a) and relationship between homogenization temperatures and salinity (b), Middle and Lower Cambrian strike-slip fault, Shihuiyao profile
图 8 石灰窑剖面肖尔布拉克组、沙依里克组各期次方解石脉氧同位素值与流体包裹体均一温度关系
浅蓝色、红色、绿色、深蓝色方框分别表示肖尔布拉克组C1、C2、C3、C4成岩流体δ18OVSMOW范围；灰色虚线方框表示沙依里克组C2成岩流体δ18OVSMOW范围
Fig. 8. Relationship between δ18OVPDB and fluid inclusions homogenization temperature of calcite veins in the Xiaoerbulake Formation and Shayilike Formation of Middle and Lower Cambrian strike-slip fault, Shihuiyao profile
图 9 石灰窑剖面中下寒武统走滑断裂带方解石脉形成与油气充注耦合关系
构造-埋藏史图据常健等（2011）修改；地温梯度依据Qiu et al.（2012）
Fig. 9. Coupling relationship between calcite veins and hydrocarbon charging for the Lower Cambrian strike-slip fault in Shihuiyao profile
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