Charcoal Morphotypes and Potential Paleofire Significance in Middle-Late Holocene in the Dajiuhu Peatland, Hubei Province, Central China
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摘要: 炭屑作为植物不完全燃烧的产物，记录了母源植物与古火灾的信息.通过分析大九湖泥炭钻孔中炭屑的形貌特征、浓度及长宽比，并与藿类通量、孢粉等生物源古环境指标进行对比，以揭示炭屑指标的古火灾和古环境意义.结果表明：炭屑的母源信息可由其几何形态、表面纹理及气孔结构来进行识别.炭屑的浓度与长宽比具有明显的阶段性变化，反映了古火灾的强度和主要燃烧生物材质的变化.主要分为两个阶段，全新世中期约8.5~4.3 ka B.P.期间，炭屑浓度普遍较高，与气候干旱相联系，古火灾事件与干旱高峰一致；但7.3~7.0 ka B.P.时段内炭屑浓度呈现低值，频繁降水制约了古火灾的发生.全新世晚期约4.3 ka B.P.以来，古气候由干旱转为湿润，炭屑含量波动性下降；但在3.6 ka B.P.和2.5 ka B.P.左右，波动异常明显，表明湿润背景下的干旱事件与火灾频发密切相关.据此，炭屑可作为与高山泥炭地干旱化相联系的古火灾代用指标.Abstract: As the product of incomplete combustion of plants, fossil charcoal records the information of parent plants and paleofire events. In this paper, the morphology, concentration and aspect ratio of charcoal in deposits of the Dajiuhu peatland were analyzed and compared with other biogenic paleoenvironmental proxies, such as hopanoids flux and pollen, in order to reveal the paleofire and paleoenvironmental significance. The results show that the parent source information of charcoal can be identified by its geometric shape, surface texture and stomatal structure. The intensity of paleofires and the change of burning fuel types can be revealed by the concentration and aspect ratio of charcoal with obvious changes. These variations can be divided into two stages. During the Mid-Holocene period (approximately 8.5-4.3 ka B.P.), charcoal concentrations were generally high in association with drought climates; which means that paleofire events coincided with obvious drought events. However, during the period from 7.3 to 7.0 ka B.P., charcoal concentrations were low due to frequent rainfall restriction. In the Late Holocene (Since approximately 4.3 ka B.P.), transitioning from a dry to wet climate has led to decreased fluctuations in charcoal content. However, anomalies occurred around 3.6 ka B.P. and 2.5 ka B.P., indicating that fire frequency in humid background are closely related to drought events. Therefore, these findings suggest that charcoal can be used as a proxy paleofire associated with aridification in alpine peatland.
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Key words:
- peat /
- charcoal /
- aspect ratio /
- paleofire /
- drought
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图 2 大九湖20ZK5-2钻孔剖面深度-年代序列
Fig. 2. The depth-age sequence of the 20ZK5-2 Core in the Dajiuhu peatland
图 3 大九湖20ZK5-2钻孔中典型炭屑的光学显微镜照片
分类代号见表 1
Fig. 3. The optical microscope photos with classification code of typical charcoal in the 20ZK5-2 Core
图 4 20ZK5-2钻孔的植物残体含量(a)；总有机碳含量(b)；炭屑面积浓度(c)；小炭屑平均长轴长度(d)；大炭屑平均长轴长度(e)；小炭屑平均长宽比(f)；大炭屑平均长宽比(g)
Fig. 4. The variation sequence of plant residues content (a), TOC (b), charcoal area concentration (c), mean length of micro-charcoal (d), mean length of macro-charcoal (e), mean AR of micro-charcoal (f), mean AR (g) of macro-charcoal of the 20ZK5-2 Core
表 1 大九湖20ZK5-2钻孔中炭屑的形貌特征分类表
Table 1. The morphotypes of typical charcoal in the 20ZK5-2 Core
分类 几何形状 亚类 表面特征 可能来源及参考文献 A 多边形 A1 实心，边缘平直 - A2 实心，有条纹结构，边缘平直 木本植物纤维组织或木质部(Enache and Cumming, 2006) A3 有圆形、椭圆形孔洞，边缘平直或带锯齿 草本植物的叶片(Walsh et al., 2010) B 矩形 B1 实心，长条状，边缘平直 禾本科叶片和叶梢(Esperanza et al., 2022) B2 束状集合体，边缘和裂隙锯齿状 草本植物叶片(Dussol et al., 2021) B3 有孔洞，形成裂口，边缘平滑 禾本科或松科（Jensen et al., 2007; Mustaphi and Pisaric, 2014） C 椭圆形 C1 实心或网状结构，边缘平滑 - 圆形 C2 边缘平滑，有凸起或对称裂口 杉科、松科花粉 D 不规则形 D1 实心针状，边缘平滑 植物叶片末梢 D2 实心折枝状，边缘平滑或含断口 植物枝干分叉或植物根系等 D3 圆形孔洞密布的薄片状 - 
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