Seismic Identification of Small Strike-Slip Faults in Marine Carbonate Strata in Paleouplift Area of Central Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 针对四川盆地川中古隆起高磨三维区震旦系-古生界二叠系海相碳酸盐岩层系不同尺度的断裂，特别是小型走滑断裂在地震资料上难以识别和解释的难点，利用地震数据及其属性携带的断裂结构信息、不连续性变化信息、裂缝带信息，优选应用构造导向滤波技术、本征值相干技术、分频相干与分方位相干技术、最大正/负曲率属性技术、蚂蚁体技术、最大似然断裂识别技术、PADD（poststack amplitude direction decomposition，叠后振幅方位分解）技术，分层系、分方位、分尺度逐级精细识别和描述了地震波同相轴错断型断裂、同相轴挠曲型断裂、裂缝型微小断裂，以及岩溶塌陷体，并应用成像测井裂缝信息定性验证不同尺度断裂方位和断裂密度，井震吻合效果好.集成形成“三分八步”逐级控制下的断裂地震识别技术方法系列.并根据地质模型和断裂模式判别了走滑断裂，进行了分级，总结了川中高磨区6种走滑断裂构造样式.Abstract: Fault identification of different scales in marine carbonate rock remains a big challenge for geophysicists. In this paper, aiming at identifying and interpreting fault distribution, especially the small strike-slip faults, it presents the implementation of seismic attributes with the information of fault structure and discontinuity change in mapping the fracture zone distribution in the Sinian-Paleozoic-Permian formation, Gaomo area, Sichuan basin. Technologies such as structural steering filtering, eigenvalue coherence, frequency division coherence and azimuth division coherence, maximum positive/negative curvature attribute, ant body attribute, maximum likelihood fracture identification and PADD (poststack amplitude direction decomposition) are used to describe the faults with different layers, azimuth and scale, which are forming in the types of seismic events dislocation, deflection, micro fault and karst collapse body. Also, the imaging logging is applied to verify the fracture orientation and fracture density of different scales qualitatively and show good coincidence with the results predicted with the seismic attribute. Based on the experiment, it summarizes "three classification and eight steps" gradually controlled fault identification techniques which can distinguish the strike-slip fault of different scales effectively and constructes six types of strike-slip fault structural styles in the central uplift of Sichuan basin.
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图 1 研究区位置简图与南北向典型地震剖面
Fig. 1. Location diagram of the study area and typical north⁃south seismic profile
图 2 “三分八步”逐级控制断裂地震识别技术方法和流程
Fig. 2. "Three classification and eight steps" gradually controlled fault seismic identification technology method and process
图 3 构造导向滤波前后地震剖面对比图(Line1740)
Fig. 3. Comparison diagrams of seismic profiles before and after structure⁃oriented filtering (Line1740)
图 4 分层相干属性沿层平面对比图
a.Ꞓ1q层，b.Z2dn层
Fig. 4. Comparison diagrams of coherence attribute along the different horizons
图 5 分频相干属性剖面对比
Fig. 5. Comparison diagrams of frequency decomposition coherence attribute profiles
图 6 相干属性地震道横向组合模式
Fig. 6. Lateral combination modes of seismic traces for coherence attribute
图 7 分方位相干属性参数优化前(a)与优化后(b)切片显示效果对比
Fig. 7. Comparison of slice display effects before (a) and after (b) optimization of azimuth coherence attribute parameters
图 8 最大负曲率属性识别同相轴挠曲型断裂
Fig. 8. Maximum negative curvature attribute identification seismic event flexural fracture
图 9 蚂蚁体、AI断裂识别属性与相干属性剖面对比
Fig. 9. Ant attribute, AI fault identification attribute, and coherent attribute profile comparison
图 10 地震剖面与最大似然体属性叠合图
图中的色标表示最大似然结果显示的色标
Fig. 10. Seismic profile and maximum likelihood volume attribute overlay map
图 11 灯影组顶向下5 ms相干增强(a)与最大似然属性(b)对比图
a图中的色标表示是相干增强属性的色标，b图中的色标表示最大似然结果显示的色标
Fig. 11. Comparison of coherence enhancement (a) and maximum likelihood attribute (b) for 5 ms from the top of Z2dn
图 12 茅口组顶界(P2l)PADD预测结果
图中的色标表示裂缝发育密度，红色高值表示裂缝密度发育大
Fig. 12. Prediction result of PADD at the top of Maokou Formation (P2l)
图 13 井点成像测井裂缝走向与周围断裂关系
Fig. 13. Fracture trend of well point imaging logging and surrounding fracture relationship diagrams
图 14 井点处预测断裂与成像测井裂缝对比
Fig. 14. Comparison of predicted fractures and imaging logging fractures at well points
图 15 Ꞓ1q (a)和Z2dn (b)断裂平面分布与分级平面图
Fig. 15. Ꞓ1q (a) and Z2dn (b) fault plane distribution and classification diagrams
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